Biochemistry of Natural Products Lecture 3: Flavonoids
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Biochemistry of Natural Products Lecture 3: Flavonoids

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the mechanisms by which quercetin aids in the prevention of peptic ulcers?

  • Increasing H.pylori growth
  • Promoting mucus secretion (correct)
  • Inhibiting mucus production
  • Stimulating gastric acid secretion
  • How does oxidative LDL (oxLDL) contribute to atherosclerosis?

  • It directly increases HDL levels in the bloodstream
  • It enhances the immune response and inflammation (correct)
  • It decreases blood flow to the arteries
  • It promotes cholesterol absorption in the intestines
  • Which statement best describes the effect of flavonoids on LDL oxidation?

  • Flavonoids only affect HDL metabolism
  • Flavonoids enhance the oxidation of LDL particles
  • Flavonoids have no effect on LDL oxidation
  • Flavonoids suppress LDL oxidation and inflammation (correct)
  • What role does the D-alanine- D-alanine ligase (Ddl) enzyme play concerning H.pylori?

    <p>It is crucial for bacterial cell wall assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Elevated plasma LDL concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do flavonoids like quercetin have on the inflammatory response?

    <p>They inhibit the COX pathway and inflammatory mediators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of oxidized LDL accumulation in the arteries?

    <p>Formation of plaque due to macrophage and lipid accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT increase levels of oxidized LDL?

    <p>Regular physical exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of oxidized LDL accumulation in the arteries?

    <p>Coronary heart disease and dementia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flavonoid is specifically mentioned as having hepatoprotective activity?

    <p>Silymarin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry of Natural Products, Lecture 3: Flavonoids

    • Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites.
    • They comprise 15 carbons (2 aromatic rings connected with a 3-carbon bridge) and numerous hydroxyl groups (OH).
    • Flavonoids exhibit antioxidant properties by acting as free radical scavengers, singlet oxygen quenchers, hydrogen donors, and metal chelators.
    • Flavonoid sources include fruits and vegetables, tea, red wine, citrus fruits, cocoa, and berries. Specific flavonoid types within these sources include: flavanols, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins (depending on the food type).
    • Flavonoids have several important biological properties.
      • Anti-ulcer effects: promote mucus secretion and inhibit H. pylori bacteria.
      • Anti-atherosclerotic effects: suppress LDL oxidation and inflammatory progression in arteries. Elevated LDL is a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Oxidized LDL reacts with free radicals, becoming more reactive and causing tissue damage; it also attracts immune cells (e.g. macrophages) and platelets to the damaged area exacerbating the process.
      • Anti-inflammatory effects: inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and inflammatory mediators like arachidonic acid.
      • Hepatoprotective activity: many flavonoids (e.g., silymarin, apigenin, quercetin, naringenin) protect the liver.
      • Memory improvements: through various mechanisms like anti-neuroinflammatory actions, reducing metal ion neurotoxicity, promoting autophagy, reducing oxidative stress, mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction, and reducing amyloid-β and tau levels.

    Physicochemical Properties, Extraction, Characterization, and Quantification

    • Flavonoid glycosides are water-soluble and soluble in alcohols.
    • Glycosides are extracted primarily using acetone or alcohols (ethanol, methanol) mixed with water, often at high temperatures.
    • Aglycones are soluble in apolar organic solvents (like dichloromethane).

    Extraction and Characterization of Flavonoids

    • Extraction methods include maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE).
    • Chromatographic techniques (HPLC, TLC) are used for analysis.

    Detection and Quantification of Flavonoids

    • Flavonoids can be identified and quantified using various chemical tests.
      • Shinoda, Vanillin-HCl, Zinc, and Ammonia tests produce specific color changes in the presence of flavonoids.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of flavonoids in this quiz from Lecture 3 of the Biochemistry of Natural Products. Learn about their chemical structure, antioxidant properties, sources, and significant biological effects. Assess your knowledge and understanding of these essential plant metabolites.

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