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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of triglycerides from plants?
What is a characteristic of triglycerides from plants?
- They have a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. (correct)
- They are solids at room temperature.
- They are always hydrogenated.
- They are never found in oils.
What happens to triglycerides during total hydrogenation?
What happens to triglycerides during total hydrogenation?
- They remain unchanged.
- They become liquids at room temperature.
- They become solids at room temperature. (correct)
- They turn into oils.
What is a potential result of partial hydrogenation of triglycerides?
What is a potential result of partial hydrogenation of triglycerides?
- The production of oils.
- The production of trans fats. (correct)
- The production of unsaturated fats.
- The production of saturated fats.
What is the main difference between a cis and trans unsaturated fat?
What is the main difference between a cis and trans unsaturated fat?
What type of phospholipid has a structure similar to triglycerides?
What type of phospholipid has a structure similar to triglycerides?
How many types of phospholipids are there?
How many types of phospholipids are there?
What type of fatty acid is typically solid at room temperature?
What type of fatty acid is typically solid at room temperature?
What happens to the HDL levels when trans fats are consumed?
What happens to the HDL levels when trans fats are consumed?
What is the primary storage form of fatty acids in mammals?
What is the primary storage form of fatty acids in mammals?
What is measured in blood tests to determine the risk of atherosclerosis?
What is measured in blood tests to determine the risk of atherosclerosis?
What is the combination of three fatty acid molecules with?
What is the combination of three fatty acid molecules with?
What has three hydroxyl groups that can react with fatty acids to form esters?
What has three hydroxyl groups that can react with fatty acids to form esters?
What happens when all three hydroxyls of the glycerol have a fatty acid residue attached to it?
What happens when all three hydroxyls of the glycerol have a fatty acid residue attached to it?
What type of fatty acids do triglycerides from animals tend to have a higher proportion of?
What type of fatty acids do triglycerides from animals tend to have a higher proportion of?
What is the effect of cis double bonds on the melting points of triglycerides?
What is the effect of cis double bonds on the melting points of triglycerides?
What are triglycerides from animals typically at room temperature?
What are triglycerides from animals typically at room temperature?
What is the main difference between Glycerophospholipids and triglycerides?
What is the main difference between Glycerophospholipids and triglycerides?
What is the structure of Steroids based on?
What is the structure of Steroids based on?
What is the role of Cholesterol in Steroid synthesis?
What is the role of Cholesterol in Steroid synthesis?
What is the main function of Lipoproteins?
What is the main function of Lipoproteins?
What is the main component of Chylomicrons?
What is the main component of Chylomicrons?
What is the main component of LDLs?
What is the main component of LDLs?
What is the structure of Glycerophospholipids similar to?
What is the structure of Glycerophospholipids similar to?
What is the role of the phosphate group in Glycerophospholipids?
What is the role of the phosphate group in Glycerophospholipids?
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Study Notes
Triglycerides
- Triglycerides are a storage form of fatty acids in mammals.
- High triglyceride levels in the blood are a risk indicator for atherosclerosis.
- Triglycerides are a combination of three fatty acid molecules with a glycerol molecule.
- Glycerol, also called glycerin, is an alcohol with three hydroxyl groups that react with fatty acids to form esters.
- All three hydroxyls of glycerol have a fatty acid residue attached to form triglycerides.
- Triglycerides made from unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than those made from saturated fatty acids.
- Animal triglycerides tend to have a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, making them solids at room temperature (fats).
- Plant triglycerides tend to have a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, making them liquids at room temperature (oils).
Hydrogenation of Triglycerides
- Hydrogenation of triglycerides can be total or partial.
- Partial hydrogenation can produce trans fats, which lower HDL ("good cholesterol") levels.
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats
- Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
- Trans unsaturated fats have double bonds in the trans configuration.
- Cis unsaturated fats have double bonds in the cis configuration.
Phospholipids and Glycolipids
- Phospholipids have two types: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
- Glycerophospholipids have a structure similar to triglycerides, with one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate.
- The phosphate group is usually attached to an additional alcohol.
Steroids
- Steroids are a type of lipid not derived from fatty acids.
- Steroids are based on a system of five cycloalkane rings fused together.
- Cholesterol is the steroid used as the starting point for synthesizing other steroids.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins transport water-insoluble lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the blood.
- Lipoproteins contain lipids and proteins.
- Examples of lipoproteins include chylomicrons, LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), which transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids from the liver to other tissues.
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