Biochemistry of Lipids and Carbohydrates

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a structural barrier in cell membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have no carbon-carbon double bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic Acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their solubility in organic solvents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their ability to donate electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They participate in cell recognition and signaling, aiding in pathogen identification and inflammation regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enable the existence of enantiomers, leading to optical activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing smart hydrogels for drug delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxyl groups increase solubility by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defense proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluten (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific targeting of other proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided evidence for the existence of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regulate the movement of molecules and ions across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He successfully synthesized DNA in a test tube for the first time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing new methods for treating genetic disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary structures involve a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structures involve multiple polypeptide chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate gene expression by silencing specific genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily utilizes RNA interference to regulate gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store the genetic blueprint and transmit hereditary information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldoses contain an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a ketone group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing energy for cellular processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are joined by glycosidic bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cx(H2O)y (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structure of their R-groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are present in all 20 standard amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic molecules essential for life, including proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Single sugar molecules that cannot be broken down further, like glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.

Large carbohydrate molecules composed of many monosaccharides, serving as energy storage or structure.

A type of covalent bond that links monosaccharides together in carbohydrates.

A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group, such as glucose.

A monosaccharide with a keto group, like fructose.

Polysaccharides composed of identical monosaccharides.

A carbohydrate used as an energy storage in plants.

Determined by the quantity and order of hydroxyl groups affecting water interaction.

Occurs due to chiral carbon atoms, allowing carbohydrates to exist as enantiomers.

Carbohydrates can donate electrons and act as reducing agents in biological processes.

Carbohydrates like glycogen in animals and starch in plants store energy for later use.

Carbohydrates are key components in structures like cellulose in plants and peptidoglycan in bacteria.

Carbohydrates help in cell interactions and immune responses via glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Innovations in smart hydrogels for drug delivery and immune responses using carbohydrate biopolymers.

A polymer made of amino acids, essential for cell structure and function.

An organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group, important for protein building.

Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet; body cannot produce them.

Amino acids that the body can synthesize and do not need to be obtained from the diet.

Amino acids that are only essential during certain conditions when the body cannot produce enough.

Refers to amino acids having a chiral center, resulting in enantiomerism.

Covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another.

The three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain, including folds and interactions.

Macromolecules made of fatty acids, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Lipids are oily and nonpolar, making them insoluble in water.

Lipids are energy-dense organic molecules serving as a crucial energy source.

Esters of fatty acids and glycerol; fats and oils are included here.

Lipids containing fatty acids, alcohol, and phosphate groups, like phospholipids.

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, solid at room temperature.

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds, usually liquid at room temperature.

A wax-like substance that's a combination of steroids and alcohol, important for cell membranes.

The shape formed by a polypeptide chain, like alpha-helix or beta-sheet, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Consists of multiple polypeptide chains bonded together, forming a functional protein.

Proteins that drive chemical reactions, typically enzymes crucial for metabolism.

Proteins that bind small biomolecules and transport them within the body.

Proteins that provide support and rigidity, like collagen in ligaments.

A protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, made up of glutenins and gliadins that form a network in dough.

Proteins engineered to target specific molecules in order to treat diseases.

Proteins that transmit signals between different cells, tissues, or organs in the body.

DNA stores the genetic blueprint of an organism and ensures hereditary information transmission.

RNA plays various roles, including acting as a messenger (mRNA), structural component (rRNA), and transfer molecule (tRNA) during protein synthesis.

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, crucial for genetic research and cloning.

DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources, used in genetic research.

A revolutionary gene-editing technology enabling precise modifications to DNA in living organisms.

A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, creating multiple copies for further study.

A natural mechanism that regulates gene expression by silencing specific mRNA molecules.

Messenger RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.