13 Questions
Which type of carbohydrate is a polymer consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units?
Polysaccharides
What is the classification of monosaccharides based on the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule?
Number of carbon atoms
Which type of carbohydrate is a few monosaccharides (3-12) covalently linked by glycosidic bonds?
Oligosaccharides
What is the function of carbohydrates in serving as a structural component of many organisms?
Serving as a structural component
Which type of carbohydrate provides a significant fraction of energy in the diet of most organisms?
Monosaccharides
Which type of sugar has the ulose suffix in its nomenclature?
Ketose sugar
What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
The orientation of the H and OH groups around the carbon atom adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon
What physical property is different between the α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose?
Melting point
What type of bond is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl and a hydroxyl of another compound join together?
Glycosidic bond
What is the name of the glycoside made from galactose?
Galactoside
What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar in terms of nomenclature?
Aldose sugar has the suffix -ose, while ketose sugar has the suffix -ulose.
How does the orientation of the H and OH groups around the carbon atom adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon determine whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
When the OH group is on the right, the sugar is the D-isomer; when it is on the left, it is the L-isomer.
What physical properties differentiate the α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose?
The α-D-glucose melts at 146 °C, whereas the β-D-glucose melts at 150 °C; α-D-glucose has a specific rotation of +112.2°, whereas β-D-glucose has a specific rotation of +18.7°.
Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon with the empirical formula Cn(H2O)n.
- There are many types of carbohydrates.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are classified into four main groups:
- Monosaccharides: simple sugars with multiple OH groups
- Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides covalently linked by a glycosidic bond
- Oligosaccharides: a few monosaccharides (3-12) covalently linked by glycosidic bonds
- Polysaccharides: polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units
Characteristics of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified according to:
- Presence of an aldehyde or ketone group
- Number of carbon atoms present in the molecule
- Aldoses (e.g., glucose) have an aldehyde group at one end
- Ketoses (e.g., fructose) have a ketone group
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Provide a significant fraction of energy in the diet of most organisms
- Serve as a storage form of energy in the body
- Are components of cell membranes
- Serve as a structural component of many organisms, including:
- Exoskeleton of many insects
- Fibrous cellulose of plants
- Cell wall of bacteria
Test your knowledge on the biochemistry of carbohydrates including monosaccharides and disaccharides. Explore the structure and classification of simple sugars in this biochemistry quiz.
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