Biochemistry Monosaccharides Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest type of monosaccharide?

  • Hexose
  • Tetrose
  • Triose (correct)
  • Pentose

    • What is the empirical formula for monosaccharides?

  • $C_nH_{2n}O_{n-1}$
  • $C_nH_{2nO_n}$
  • $C_nH_{2n+1}O_n$
  • $C_nH_{2n}O_n$ (correct)

    • What is the name for a 4-carbon sugar with a ketone functional group?

  • Ketotetrose (correct)
  • Aldopentose
  • Ketopentose
  • Aldotetrose

    • Which of the following is NOT a stereoisomer?

    <p>Constitutional Isomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between D-glucose and D-mannose?

    <p>They are epimers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stereoisomer are molecules that are mirror images of each other?

    <p>Enantiomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the  and  configurations of a monosaccharide?

    <p>The position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde is an aldehyde, dihydroxyacetone is a ketone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these polysaccharides is a linear molecule?

    <p>Amylose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glycosidic bond(s) are present in Amylopectin?

    <p>α 1-4 and α 1-6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between amylose and cellulose in terms of their glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Amylose has α 1-4 linkages, cellulose has β 1-4 linkages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hydrogen bonding in cellulose microfibrils?

    <p>It contributes to the structural strength of cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a feature of glycosaminoglycans?

    <p>They contain only monosaccharides, no amino sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides contains a glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is a structural component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of glycosaminoglycan?

    <p>Amylose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when an anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate reacts with an OH group in a slightly acidic condition?

    <p>Glycosidic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide found in milk?

    <p>Lactose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of stereoisomer?

    <p>Isomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is a major storage form of glucose in animals?

    <p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides is found in legumes?

    <p>Melibiose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Carbohydrates

    One of the three main macromolecules, primarily an energy source.

    Monosaccharides

    Simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units.

    Disaccharides

    Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides linked together.

    Polysaccharides

    Large carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides linked together.

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    Stereoisomers

    Molecules with the same formula but different spatial arrangements.

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    Enantiomers

    Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

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    Epimers

    Diastereomers that differ at only one chiral carbon.

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    Anomers

    Isomers that differ at the anomeric carbon, like alpha and beta forms.

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    Amylose

    A linear polysaccharide made of α(1-4) linked D-glucose units.

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    Amylopectin

    A branched polysaccharide consisting of α(1-4) and α(1-6) linkages in glucose.

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    Cellulose

    A linear polymer of D-glucose with β(1-4) glycosidic bonds, forming strong structures in plants.

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    Glycosaminoglycan

    A polysaccharide found in tissues with a structure important for support, made of disaccharide units.

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    Cellulose microfibrils

    Bundles of cellulose molecules, 50-100 linked, with extensive hydrogen bonding.

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    Tautomers

    Isomers that can interconvert by the movement of a hydrogen atom and a switch of a single bond and double bond.

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    Sucrose

    A disaccharide known as table sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.

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    Lactose

    A disaccharide found in milk, consisting of glucose and galactose.

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    Maltose

    A disaccharide made of two glucose units, used by germinating seeds for energy.

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    Glycogen

    A storage polysaccharide in animals, made up of glucose units, similar to starch in plants.

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    Starch

    A storage polysaccharide in plants, composed of amylose and amylopectin chains of glucose.

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    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients, providing the body with energy.
    • Their chemical formula follows the general pattern (CH₂O)ₙ.
    • Categorized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides

    • These are the simplest carbohydrates, also known as simple sugars.
    • They serve as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.
    • Examples include glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, both trioses.
    • Classified as aldoses or ketoses based on the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group.
    • Further classified based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses, pentoses, and hexoses, with corresponding names (e.g., aldohexose = glucose).
    • Illustrate monosaccharides using Fischer or Haworth formulas, often representing the cyclical forms found in nature.
    • Demonstrate structural differences and isomers (enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, and anomers), which are crucial for their biological function.

    Stereoisomers

    • Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
    • Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and constitution but differ in spatial orientation.
    • Stereoisomers are classified into enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, and anomers.
      • Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.
      • Diastereomers are not mirror images and differ in the configuration around at least one chiral carbon.
      • Epimers are diastereomers differing in configuration at only one chiral carbon.
      • Anomers are stereoisomers that differ in configuration only around the anomeric carbon (the carbon atom that was part of the carbonyl group in the open-chain form).

    Disaccharides

    • These are composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic linkage.
    • Common examples include:
      • Sucrose (common table sugar),
      • Maltose (product of starch hydrolysis),
      • Trehalose (found in fungi),
      • Lactose (main sugar in milk), and
      • Melibiose (found in legumes).

    Polysaccharides

    • Complex carbohydrates composed of multiple monosaccharide units.
    • Functions include storage (starch and glycogen) and structural components (cellulose, chitin, etc.).
      • Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) forms.
      • Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals.
      • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls with a strong structure, difficult to digest.

    Additional Concepts

    • Glycosidic linkage—bond formed between monosaccharides to create disaccharides or polysaccharides.
    • Oligosaccharide - chains of a small number of monosaccharides
    • Glycosaminoglycans - components of connective tissue, important in vertebrate animals.

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    LI Biochemistry of Cell Carbohydrates Lecture PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on monosaccharides and polysaccharides with this quiz. Covering topics such as stereoisomers, glycosidic bonds, and structural differences, this quiz challenges your understanding of carbohydrate chemistry. Perfect for biochemistry students!

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