Biological Macromolecules Overview

Biological Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are large molecules composed of smaller, repeating units called monomers.
• Four major types of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates.
• Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Functions include quick energy for living things and energy storage.
• Polysaccharides, like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, are polymers of monosaccharides.
• Starch and glycogen are storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls.

Lipids

• Primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen.
• Lipids are not considered polymers as they do not have monomers.
• Fats are a type of lipid that functions in long-term energy storage.
• Phospholipids are lipids that form cell membranes.
• Steroid hormones are lipids that function as chemical signals.

Proteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.
• The shape of a protein allows it to perform its function.
• Proteins can function as enzymes (catalyzing reactions), hormones (regulating processes), transport molecules, or structural components.

Nucleic Acids

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
• Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
• Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
• DNA stores genetic information, while RNA transfers genetic information and participates in protein synthesis.

This quiz covers the essential concepts of biological macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It highlights their structures, functions, and significance in living organisms. Test your knowledge on these vital biological components!