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Questions and Answers
What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?
What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?
Which type of double bond is typically found in unsaturated fatty acids?
Which type of double bond is typically found in unsaturated fatty acids?
Which statement about saturated fatty acids is true?
Which statement about saturated fatty acids is true?
How does the presence of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids affect their physical state at room temperature?
How does the presence of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids affect their physical state at room temperature?
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Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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What is a primary characteristic of triacylglycerols?
What is a primary characteristic of triacylglycerols?
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Which statement about the chemical properties of triacylglycerols is true?
Which statement about the chemical properties of triacylglycerols is true?
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Which factor can influence the melting point of triacylglycerols?
Which factor can influence the melting point of triacylglycerols?
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What effect do unsaturated fatty acids have on triacylglycerol structure?
What effect do unsaturated fatty acids have on triacylglycerol structure?
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Which of the following is a function of triacylglycerols in the body?
Which of the following is a function of triacylglycerols in the body?
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Study Notes
Lecture Title: Lipid Chemistry (4&5)
- Lipid Chemistry lecture, presented by Prof. Ingy Badawy
- The lecture covered the vision of the Department of Biotechnology, emphasizing academic accreditation and leadership in biotechnology locally, regionally, and internationally.
- The mission of the department stressed the training of specialized biotechnology professionals according to standard academic guidelines, catering to local and regional job market demands in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental sectors. They conduct innovative research and provide community services and scientific consultations.
Learning Objectives (ILOs)
- Recognize and describe the structure, properties, and metabolism of the major classes of biochemical compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
- Demonstrate a systematic understanding of life processes and mechanisms, from molecules to cells.
Lipid Classification
- Lipid classification
- Fatty acids
- Eicosanoids
- Simple lipids
- Complex lipids
- Derived lipids
Lipids
- Biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus.
- Soluble in organic solvents but not in water.
- Named after the Greek word "lipos", meaning "fat."
- Extracted from cells using organic solvents.
- Types: Waxes, fats and oils (triacylglycerols), glycerophospholipids, prostaglandins, and steroids (as they do not contain fatty acids).
Structures of Lipids
- Detailed structures of various lipid types including fatty acids, eicosanoids, waxes, triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids, steroids (including cholesterol, bile salts, and steroid hormones), and prostaglandins.
Fatty Acids
- Long-chain carboxylic acids, typically containing 12-18 carbon atoms.
- Insoluble in water
- May be saturated or unsaturated.
- Various forms of saturated fatty acids (e.g., capric, lauric) with different carbon atom numbers, melting points, and sources.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, typically cis double bonds.
- Unsaturated fatty acids exhibit "kinks" in their fatty acid chains, causing them to not pack closely, and have lower melting points compared to saturated fatty acids.
- Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.
- Specific examples like oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids are described.
Fatty Acid Formulas
- Condensed and line-bond formulas for fatty acids.
- Example: caprylic acid with 8 carbon atoms (CH3-(CH2)6-COOH).
Saturated Fatty Acids
- Have single C-C bonds.
- Molecules fit closely together in a regular pattern.
- Strong attractions between fatty acid chains.
- Have high melting points.
- Specific examples and properties with their melting points and respective sources.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Have one or more C=C double bonds, usually in the cis configuration.
- Exhibit kinks, thus not packing closely.
- Have low melting points, and are liquids at room temperature.
- Specific examples and properties of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with their respective sources.
Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids in vegetable oils, primarily omega-6, with the first C=C at C6 (e.g., linoleic acid).
- Fatty acids in fish oils, primarily omega-3, with the first C=C at C3 (e.g., linolenic acid).
Prostaglandins
- 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid chains.
- Have an OH on carbon 11 and 15.
- Have a trans structure.
- Produced by injured tissues, involved in pain, fever, and inflammation.
Prostaglandins in the Body
- Produced by injured tissues.
- Involved in pain, fever and inflammation.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin inhibit their synthesis.
Waxes, Fats, and Oils
- Waxes: Esters of saturated fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- Fats and Oils (Triacylglycerols): Esters of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Production and formation of triacylglycerols
- Glycerol forms ester bonds with three fatty acids.
- The formation of a triacylglycerol
Olive Oil
- Contains a high percentage of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid with one cis double bond (triolein).
Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
- Similar to alkenes and esters.
- Hydrogenation: Adds hydrogen (H2) to double bonds converts them into single bonds, increasing melting point, and produces solid fats (shortening).
- Hydrolysis: Splits ester bonds by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme resulting in the formation of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Saponification: Reaction of a fat with a strong base (like KOH) splitting triacylglycerols into glycerol and the salts of fatty acids resulting in the formations of soaps.
Cholesterol
- The most abundant steroid in the body.
- Has methyl groups, an alkyl chain, and an -OH group attached to the steroid nucleus.
- Obtained from food or synthesized in the liver, utilized in the formation of cell membranes, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.
- High levels of cholesterol may result in the formation of plaque which blocks arteries
Bile Salts
- Synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, stored in the gallbladder, secreted into the small intestine.
- Has polar and nonpolar regions to emulsify fat to provide a large surface area for digestion.
Steroid Nucleus
- Made up of 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring.
- No fatty acids present.
Lipoproteins
- Combine lipids, proteins, and phospholipids to make them water-soluble in plasma.
- Differ in density, composition, and function.
- Types include chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs.
- Transport of lipids throughout the body
Steroid Hormones
- Chemical messengers produced from cholesterol.
- Examples: testosterone (males), estradiol (females), progesterone.
Adrenal Corticosteroids
- Steroid hormones produced by adrenal glands.
- Include aldosterone (electrolyte and water balance) and cortisone (increases blood glucose).
Anabolic Steroids
- Derivatives of testosterone.
- Used illegally to increase muscle mass, while carrying side effects including fluid retention, hair growth, sleep disturbances, and liver damage (note: usage is often considered unethical and illegal).
Cell Membranes
- Separates cellular contents from the external environment.
- Composed of a lipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids).
- Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes
- The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
- Unsaturated fatty acids keep the membrane fluid-like and prevents rigidity.
- Proteins and carbohydrates on the surface communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.
Transport Through Cell Membranes
- Diffusion (passive transport): Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration.
- Facilitated transport: Uses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion.
- Active transport: Moves ions against a concentration gradient.
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Description
Test your knowledge on unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, their characteristics, and the structure and functions of triacylglycerols. This quiz covers key concepts related to their chemical properties and physiological roles. Challenge yourself with questions that differentiate between these crucial biomolecules!
