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What is a bioreactor primarily used for?
What is a bioreactor primarily used for?
Immobilised enzymes can be reused multiple times.
Immobilised enzymes can be reused multiple times.
True
Name one advantage of using immobilised enzymes in bioreactors.
Name one advantage of using immobilised enzymes in bioreactors.
They can be reused.
Enzymes can be immobilised by being bonded to an __________ support.
Enzymes can be immobilised by being bonded to an __________ support.
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Match the following immobilisation methods with their descriptions:
Match the following immobilisation methods with their descriptions:
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What is metabolism?
What is metabolism?
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Enzymes are permanently altered during chemical reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are permanently altered during chemical reactions they catalyze.
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What is the primary source of energy on Earth?
What is the primary source of energy on Earth?
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Enzymes are made of long chains of __________.
Enzymes are made of long chains of __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What defines optimum activity in relation to pH for enzymes?
What defines optimum activity in relation to pH for enzymes?
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ATP and NADP+ are important molecules in cellular respiration.
ATP and NADP+ are important molecules in cellular respiration.
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What happens to enzymes when they are denatured?
What happens to enzymes when they are denatured?
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What happens to proteins at high temperatures in relation to enzymes?
What happens to proteins at high temperatures in relation to enzymes?
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Enzymes only function within a narrow range of temperature and pH.
Enzymes only function within a narrow range of temperature and pH.
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What is the primary role of catabolic enzymes?
What is the primary role of catabolic enzymes?
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Amylase converts _____ into maltose.
Amylase converts _____ into maltose.
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Match the following enzymes with their actions:
Match the following enzymes with their actions:
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Which pH level is optimal for most enzymes to function?
Which pH level is optimal for most enzymes to function?
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Enzyme concentration does not affect enzyme activity.
Enzyme concentration does not affect enzyme activity.
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What is an anabolic enzyme?
What is an anabolic enzyme?
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Which enzyme is used to sweeten soft drinks with fructose?
Which enzyme is used to sweeten soft drinks with fructose?
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The 'lock and key' model is still the best explanation for enzyme action.
The 'lock and key' model is still the best explanation for enzyme action.
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What significant change occurs in the active site when a substrate binds to it?
What significant change occurs in the active site when a substrate binds to it?
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The enzyme used to replace condensed milk when making toffee and caramel is called __________.
The enzyme used to replace condensed milk when making toffee and caramel is called __________.
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Match each factor involved in enzyme experiments with its method:
Match each factor involved in enzyme experiments with its method:
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Which of the following best describes the active site of an enzyme?
Which of the following best describes the active site of an enzyme?
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Enzymes always remain in the same shape after catalyzing a reaction.
Enzymes always remain in the same shape after catalyzing a reaction.
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Name a use of immobilised enzymes in the production of new antibiotics.
Name a use of immobilised enzymes in the production of new antibiotics.
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What is the term used to describe the process of an enzyme returning to its original shape after releasing products?
What is the term used to describe the process of an enzyme returning to its original shape after releasing products?
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Enzymes are less sensitive to changes in pH compared to changes in temperature.
Enzymes are less sensitive to changes in pH compared to changes in temperature.
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What is the result of an enzyme being denatured?
What is the result of an enzyme being denatured?
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The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is called __________.
The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is called __________.
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Match the enzyme with its optimum pH:
Match the enzyme with its optimum pH:
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Which of the following molecules is a high energy compound that can move around in cells?
Which of the following molecules is a high energy compound that can move around in cells?
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NADPH is used to release low-energy electrons in photosynthesis.
NADPH is used to release low-energy electrons in photosynthesis.
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What happens to the active site of an enzyme if the pH is unsuitable?
What happens to the active site of an enzyme if the pH is unsuitable?
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NADP+ is reduced to NADPH when it accepts __________.
NADP+ is reduced to NADPH when it accepts __________.
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Match the energy carrier with its corresponding function:
Match the energy carrier with its corresponding function:
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What is the consequence of a protein losing its 3D shape?
What is the consequence of a protein losing its 3D shape?
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Increasing temperature always results in an increase in the rate of reaction.
Increasing temperature always results in an increase in the rate of reaction.
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What happens to ATP when it breaks down?
What happens to ATP when it breaks down?
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In respiration, the breakdown of glucose forms __________, which provides energy for cellular functions.
In respiration, the breakdown of glucose forms __________, which provides energy for cellular functions.
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Study Notes
Enzymes
- Enzymes are protein catalysts.
- Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
- Enzymes are specific to their substrates.
- Enzymes are folded into a 3D shape.
- The correct shape allows enzymes to fit their substrates, similar to a lock and key.
- Active Site: the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
- Includes growth, movement, maintaining temperature, repair, and reproduction.
- Energy is either absorbed or released during metabolic reactions.
- Metabolism maintains a stable internal state (homeostasis).
Sources of Energy
- Solar energy: primary source on Earth is sunlight.
- Some is trapped by pigments like chlorophyll.
- Producers use this for making chemical bonds in carbohydrates.
- Cellular energy: stored in the bonds of biomolecules (nutrients).
- Released during reactions in cells
- Passed along food chains from producers to consumers.
- Respiration releases this energy when biomolecules are broken down.
Enzyme Structure and Function
- Enzymes are made of protein, long chains of amino acids.
- They are folded into a 3D shape
- Shape of enzymes is important for correct functioning.
Features of Enzymes
- Anything affecting enzyme shape also affects its efficiency.
- Examples are temperature and pH.
- Enzyme reactions are reversible.
- They can act as building blocks or breaking them down.
Active Site Theory
- The active site is the enzyme's "binding" region
- Substrate binds to the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
- The substrate binds more precisely- inducing the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.
- Bonds in the substrate are altered or broken during the reaction.
- Products are released.
- The enzyme returns to its original shape, free to accept a new substrate.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Optimum conditions are ideal.
- Changes in environment (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.) can change reactivity rates.
- Denatured enzymes lose their shape and function.
Temperature
- Enzymes work best at certain temperatures (optimum temperature).
- Low temperatures slow molecular movement, halting enzyme function.
- Increased temperatures speed up molecular movement, increasing reaction rates.
- Above optimum temperatures cause denaturation.
- Human enzymes work best at 37°C.
- Plant enzymes work best at 20-30°C.
pH
- Enzymes work best at particular pH values (optimum pH).
- Different enzymes have different optimum pH values.
- Enzymes are less stable outside their optimum pH range, which affects shape and function of active site.
- Changes to pH values will denature enzymes.
Enzyme Experiments
- Experiments isolate enzymes and study effects of varied factors (temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration).
- Establish control and altered variables.
Immobilized Enzymes
- Bioprocessing: using enzymes to create products (e.g., antibiotics, flavorings).
- Enzymes are purified and isolated in bioreactors
- Immobilized enzymes are beneficial due to reusability
- Enzymes can be bonded to other molecules or inert matrices
Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes
- Reusability
- Improved stability
- Reduced separation issues
- Potentially cheaper production processes
Energy Carriers
- ADP and ATP are used in energy transfer in photosynthesis and respiration.
- NAD+ and NADP+ are electron carriers.
- NADPH carries electrons and hydrogen ions during glucose production.
ADP/ATP
- ADP: an energy-transfer molecule with 2 phosphate groups
- ATP: ADP with an extra phosphate group, storing more energy
- Energy is released when a phosphate group breaks down
NADP+/NADPH
- NADP+ is a low energy form.
- NADPH is a high energy form after the addition of electrons and a proton.
- It stores and transfers energy in cellular reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on enzymes, their functions, and their applications in bioreactors. This quiz covers topics like immobilised enzymes, metabolism, and the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biochemistry concepts.