Biochemistry: Enzymes and Bioreactors Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a bioreactor primarily used for?

  • Cleaning water
  • Storing enzymes
  • Housing living cells or their products to create a product (correct)
  • Cooking food

Immobilised enzymes can be reused multiple times.

True (A)

Name one advantage of using immobilised enzymes in bioreactors.

They can be reused.

Enzymes can be immobilised by being bonded to an __________ support.

<p>inert</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immobilisation methods with their descriptions:

<p>Adsorption = Enzymes are physically attached to an inactive support. Enclosed in a membrane = Enzymes are contained within a membrane. Enclosed in a gel = The substrate can enter and exit the gel. Bonded to each other = Enzymes are chemically bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

<p>The sum of all chemical reactions in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are permanently altered during chemical reactions they catalyze.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy on Earth?

<p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are made of long chains of __________.

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Metabolism = Sum of all chemical reactions in the body Enzyme = Catalyst made of protein Solar Energy = Primary energy source from sunlight Cellular Energy = Energy stored in biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines optimum activity in relation to pH for enzymes?

<p>The pH at which the enzyme's activity is maximized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP and NADP+ are important molecules in cellular respiration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzymes when they are denatured?

<p>They change shape and can no longer function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to proteins at high temperatures in relation to enzymes?

<p>Heat denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes only function within a narrow range of temperature and pH.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of catabolic enzymes?

<p>To break down large compounds into smaller parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amylase converts _____ into maltose.

<p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzymes with their actions:

<p>Amylase = Converts starch to maltose DNA ligase = Joins two pieces of DNA Pepsin = Digests proteins in the stomach Lipase = Breaks down fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pH level is optimal for most enzymes to function?

<p>7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzyme concentration does not affect enzyme activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an anabolic enzyme?

<p>An enzyme that forms complex compounds from simpler molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used to sweeten soft drinks with fructose?

<p>Glucose Isomerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'lock and key' model is still the best explanation for enzyme action.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in the active site when a substrate binds to it?

<p>The active site changes shape slightly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme used to replace condensed milk when making toffee and caramel is called __________.

<p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each factor involved in enzyme experiments with its method:

<p>Temperature = Use water baths at the same temperature pH = Use pH buffers of different values Enzyme concentration = Add the same volume of enzyme Substrate concentration = Add equal volumes of the same substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the active site of an enzyme?

<p>It is a depression on the surface of the enzyme. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes always remain in the same shape after catalyzing a reaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a use of immobilised enzymes in the production of new antibiotics.

<p>Penicillin Acylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of an enzyme returning to its original shape after releasing products?

<p>Induced fit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are less sensitive to changes in pH compared to changes in temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an enzyme being denatured?

<p>It loses its shape and can no longer carry out its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is called __________.

<p>phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzyme with its optimum pH:

<p>Amylase = pH 7 Pepsin = pH 2 Trypsin = pH 8 Lipase = pH 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is a high energy compound that can move around in cells?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NADPH is used to release low-energy electrons in photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the active site of an enzyme if the pH is unsuitable?

<p>It changes shape and can no longer accept the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

NADP+ is reduced to NADPH when it accepts __________.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the energy carrier with its corresponding function:

<p>ATP = Energy transfer ADP = Low energy molecule NADPH = Electron carrier NADH = Respiration energy carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a protein losing its 3D shape?

<p>It can no longer carry out its function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increasing temperature always results in an increase in the rate of reaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP when it breaks down?

<p>It releases energy and a phosphate group, reforming ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In respiration, the breakdown of glucose forms __________, which provides energy for cellular functions.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism, including processes like growth, movement, and maintenance of body temperature.

Solar Energy

The energy harnessed from sunlight by organisms like plants, converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Cellular Energy

The energy stored within the chemical bonds of biological molecules, like carbohydrates and fats, which can be released by cells.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts made of protein, specifically designed to speed up certain reactions within living organisms.

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Substrate

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon, fitting into the enzyme's active site.

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Product

The molecule produced as a result of an enzymatic reaction.

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What is a substrate?

The substance an enzyme acts upon.

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What is the product?

The molecule or molecules produced by an enzyme from the substrate.

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How can enzyme activity be affected?

Anything that changes the shape of an enzyme will reduce its efficiency. This is because the enzyme's shape determines its function.

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What are the two types of enzyme reactions?

Enzymes can build up complex compounds (anabolic) or break down large molecules (catabolic).

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What is the role of enzymes in living organisms?

Enzymes control metabolic reactions in both plants and animals, accelerating chemical reactions. They are essential for all living organisms.

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What do catabolic enzymes do?

They break down large molecules into smaller units.

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What do anabolic enzymes do?

They build complex molecules from simpler ones.

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What factors affect enzyme activity?

Enzymes work best under specific conditions. Changes in temperature or pH can affect their activity and may lead to denaturation, where the enzyme loses its shape and function.

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What is a bioreactor?

A vessel or container where living cells or their products are used to create a specific product. Think of it as a factory for biological processes.

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What is immobilization of enzymes?

A method for making enzymes more efficient, involving attaching them to a support or each other so they can be easily recovered and reused. It's like giving enzymes a special handle to hold on to.

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How are enzymes immobilized by adsorption?

Enzymes are attached to a surface or a material that is inert. This helps in the separation of the product from the enzyme and allows the enzyme to be used repeatedly. Imagine attaching a key to a hook so you can find it easily.

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How are enzymes immobilized by encapsulation?

A technique where enzymes are trapped within a membrane or gel. These structures allow the substrate to enter and react with the trapped enzymes. Picture the enzyme locked in a cage, but the substrate can still get in.

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What are the advantages of immobilizing enzymes?

Immobilized enzymes can be reused, saving money on replacements. They also stay in the bioreactor, eliminating the need for extra separation steps. Plus, they become more stable, lasting longer. Imagine having a handy tool you can use again and again.

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Active Site

The specific area on an enzyme where a substrate molecule binds.

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Induced Fit Model

A flexible model that describes how enzyme active sites adapt to fit their substrates.

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A temporary complex formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme.

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Induced Fit

Changes in an enzyme's shape, particularly in its active site, caused by the binding of a substrate.

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Enzyme Action

The process by which an enzyme alters the bonds in a substrate, leading to the formation of a product.

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Enzyme Specificity

The ability of an enzyme to bind exclusively to specific substrate molecules.

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Optimum pH

The pH at which an enzyme works best.

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Denaturation

A change in the shape of an enzyme, usually caused by extreme temperature or pH, that makes it lose functionality.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high-energy molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells.

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ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

A lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by adding a phosphate group.

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Phosphorylation

The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.

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NADP+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

A low-energy molecule involved in photosynthesis, carrying electrons and hydrogen ions.

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NADPH

A high-energy molecule participating in photosynthesis, resulting from the reduction of NADP+.

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NAD+

A low-energy molecule involved in respiration, carrying electrons and hydrogen ions.

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NADH

A high-energy molecule involved in respiration, resulting from the reduction of NAD+

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Study Notes

Enzymes

  • Enzymes are protein catalysts.
  • Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
  • Enzymes are specific to their substrates.
  • Enzymes are folded into a 3D shape.
  • The correct shape allows enzymes to fit their substrates, similar to a lock and key.
  • Active Site: the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
  • Includes growth, movement, maintaining temperature, repair, and reproduction.
  • Energy is either absorbed or released during metabolic reactions.
  • Metabolism maintains a stable internal state (homeostasis).

Sources of Energy

  • Solar energy: primary source on Earth is sunlight.
    • Some is trapped by pigments like chlorophyll.
    • Producers use this for making chemical bonds in carbohydrates.
  • Cellular energy: stored in the bonds of biomolecules (nutrients).
    • Released during reactions in cells
    • Passed along food chains from producers to consumers.
    • Respiration releases this energy when biomolecules are broken down.

Enzyme Structure and Function

  • Enzymes are made of protein, long chains of amino acids.
  • They are folded into a 3D shape
  • Shape of enzymes is important for correct functioning.

Features of Enzymes

  • Anything affecting enzyme shape also affects its efficiency.
  • Examples are temperature and pH.
  • Enzyme reactions are reversible.
  • They can act as building blocks or breaking them down.

Active Site Theory

  • The active site is the enzyme's "binding" region
  • Substrate binds to the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
  • The substrate binds more precisely- inducing the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.
  • Bonds in the substrate are altered or broken during the reaction.
  • Products are released.
  • The enzyme returns to its original shape, free to accept a new substrate.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

  • Optimum conditions are ideal.
  • Changes in environment (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.) can change reactivity rates.
  • Denatured enzymes lose their shape and function.

Temperature

  • Enzymes work best at certain temperatures (optimum temperature).
  • Low temperatures slow molecular movement, halting enzyme function.
  • Increased temperatures speed up molecular movement, increasing reaction rates.
  • Above optimum temperatures cause denaturation.
  • Human enzymes work best at 37°C.
  • Plant enzymes work best at 20-30°C.

pH

  • Enzymes work best at particular pH values (optimum pH).
  • Different enzymes have different optimum pH values.
  • Enzymes are less stable outside their optimum pH range, which affects shape and function of active site.
  • Changes to pH values will denature enzymes.

Enzyme Experiments

  • Experiments isolate enzymes and study effects of varied factors (temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration).
  • Establish control and altered variables.

Immobilized Enzymes

  • Bioprocessing: using enzymes to create products (e.g., antibiotics, flavorings).
  • Enzymes are purified and isolated in bioreactors
  • Immobilized enzymes are beneficial due to reusability
  • Enzymes can be bonded to other molecules or inert matrices

Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes

  • Reusability
  • Improved stability
  • Reduced separation issues
  • Potentially cheaper production processes

Energy Carriers

  • ADP and ATP are used in energy transfer in photosynthesis and respiration.
  • NAD+ and NADP+ are electron carriers.
  • NADPH carries electrons and hydrogen ions during glucose production.

ADP/ATP

  • ADP: an energy-transfer molecule with 2 phosphate groups
  • ATP: ADP with an extra phosphate group, storing more energy
  • Energy is released when a phosphate group breaks down

NADP+/NADPH

  • NADP+ is a low energy form.
  • NADPH is a high energy form after the addition of electrons and a proton.
  • It stores and transfers energy in cellular reactions.

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Enzymes Presentation PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on enzymes, their functions, and their applications in bioreactors. This quiz covers topics like immobilised enzymes, metabolism, and the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biochemistry concepts.

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