Biochemistry: Energy Production and ATP Synthesis
40 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the energy requirement for the reaction ADP + Pi → ATP?

  • +10.3 kcal/mol
  • -7.3 kcal/mol
  • +7.3 kcal/mol (correct)
  • -3 kcal/mol
  • What type of reaction is ATP → ADP + Pi characterized as?

  • Irreversible
  • Reversible
  • Exergonic (correct)
  • Endergonic
  • What is the surplus energy released as heat when synthesizing ATP from creatine phosphate?

  • +10.3 kcal/mol
  • -3 kcal/mol (correct)
  • -10.3 kcal/mol
  • +7.3 kcal/mol
  • What is the energy change associated with the reverse reaction of creatine to creatine phosphate?

    <p>+10.3 kcal/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a reaction is exergonic?

    <p>Negative ΔG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is released when hydrolyzing creatine phosphate?

    <p>-10.3 kcal/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the energy free for the reaction creatine to creatine phosphate not sufficient to proceed?

    <p>Energy produced is less than +3 kcal/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the high-energy phosphate bonds from the reactions described?

    <p>Hydrolysis of these bonds releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To generate ATP driven by electrons from substrate oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complexes in the electron transport chain use energy to pump protons to the intermembrane space?

    <p>Complex I, III, and IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the electrochemical potential (proton-motive force) created during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Through the translocation of protons across the mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic coupling theory is true?

    <p>It links electron transfer with proton translocation across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do NADH and FADH2 primarily get produced in the context of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>In glycolysis, TCA cycle, and beta-oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ATP synthase (Complex V) play in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It facilitates the entry of protons and synthesizes ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is NOT involved in proton pumping during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of electrons for the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and FADH2 generated during metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is A → B described as?

    <p>Exergonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the free energy when the reaction A → B occurs?

    <p>It is released as heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transforming energy from A → B into ATP?

    <p>To store energy for later use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs when ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP using creatine phosphate?

    <p>Substate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is formed when ADP is phosphorylated using the energy from creatine phosphate?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the wavy bond (~) in high-energy compounds like ATP?

    <p>It represents a high-energy bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving the high-energy phosphate bond in creatine phosphate?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for the endergonic reaction C → D to take place?

    <p>It must be coupled to exergonic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the malate-aspartate shuttle system?

    <p>To facilitate transamination between oxaloacetate and glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electron carrier is primarily used in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

    <p>NAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition does the cell primarily enter state 3 or 5 during exercise?

    <p>Capacity of the respiratory chain when substrates are saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oxaloacetate in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

    <p>It carries electrons and protons into the mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is generated when malate gives off electrons and protons in the matrix?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state is associated with the availability of ADP only?

    <p>State 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shuttle system works alongside the creatine phosphate shuttle?

    <p>Malate-aspartate shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum yield of ATP produced through the malate-aspartate shuttle?

    <p>2.5 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to molecular motion when solid water reaches absolute zero?

    <p>All molecular motion stops completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol ΔG represent in thermodynamics?

    <p>Change in free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS, what does T represent?

    <p>The absolute temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is entropy in a thermodynamic context?

    <p>The measure of randomness in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does burning a log not create energy or destroy matter?

    <p>Energy and matter merely change form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of energy mentioned in the context of thermodynamics?

    <p>Stored energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression ΔG = ΔE - TΔS, what does ΔE represent?

    <p>Change in internal energy of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Energy Production and Thermodynamics

    • Forming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate requires energy (+7.3kcal/mol).
    • Breaking down ATP releases energy (-7.3kcal/mol)

    High-Energy Phosphate Compounds

    • Hydrolyzing high-energy phosphate compounds like creatine phosphate releases energy.
    • This energy release is used to synthesize ATP.

    Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

    • The synthesis of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy phosphate compound (like creatine phosphate) to ADP.
    • Does not use energy from electron transport chain

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • The process of ATP formation driven by the energy released from electrons during substrate (food) oxidation.
    • Occurs in the mitochondria via the respiratory chain (ETC)

    Chemiosmotic Coupling Theory

    • Explains how oxidative phosphorylation works
    • Energy from oxidation of components in the electron transport chain (ETC) is coupled to the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Protons re-enter the matrix through ATP synthase (Complex V), generating ATP.

    Electron Transport Chain

    • NADH and FADH2, produced during glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the TCA cycle, carry electrons.
    • Electrons are transferred in stages through large protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Complexes I, III, and IV use energy from electron transfer to pump protons into the intermembrane space (IMS).
    • Complex II does not pump protons
    • The transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 creates an electrochemical potential (proton-motive force)

    Malate-Aspartate Shuttle System

    • Used by the liver and heart cells
    • Transamination between oxaloacetate and glutamate
    • Uses NAD as a mitochondrial electron carrier, yielding 2.5 moles of ATP.

    Laws of Thermodynamics

    • First Law: Energy is conserved. It can change forms but is not created or destroyed.
    • Second Law: Entropy (randomness) in a system always increases.

    Thermodynamics Concepts

    • Enthalpy (H): Heat in a system
    • Entropy (S): Randomness in a system
    • Free energy (G): Energy available to do work.

    Free Energy Change (ΔG)

    • Explains the relationship between the change in free energy (ΔG) and the change in entropy (ΔS)
    • Combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
    • Formula: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
    • ΔH: Change in enthalpy
    • T: Absolute temperature

    Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

    • Exergonic: Reactions that release energy and have a negative ΔG.
    • Endergonic: Reactions that require energy and have a positive ΔG.

    Coupling Reactions

    • Coupling an exergonic reaction to an endergonic reaction allows the endergonic reaction to proceed by trapping the released energy in a high-energy compound like ATP.
    • Only a portion of the released energy is used to drive the endergonic reaction, while the rest is released as heat.

    Availability of ADP and Substrate

    • State 1: Limited by the availability of ADP and substrate.
    • State 2: Limited by substrate availability.
    • State 3: Limited by the capacity of the ETC.
    • State 4: Limited by ADP availability.
    • State 5: Limited by oxygen availability.
    • During exercise, cells approach states 3 or 5.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in biochemistry related to energy production, including the formation and breakdown of ATP, and the mechanisms of substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Test your understanding of how energy is transferred and utilized within biological systems.

    More Like This

    ATP Synthesis and Aerobic Respiration
    22 questions
    Biochemistry ATP Synthesis Quiz
    10 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser