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Questions and Answers
After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound?
After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound?
Glucose
What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
Saturated fats
Name the body's main use for triglycerides.
Name the body's main use for triglycerides.
As an energy source
Name the process that an amino acid must undergo in order for it to be used for fuel or to produce glucose.
Name the process that an amino acid must undergo in order for it to be used for fuel or to produce glucose.
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What is a complete protein?
What is a complete protein?
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Of the six classes of nutrients, name the type of nutrient that provides nitrogen for the body.
Of the six classes of nutrients, name the type of nutrient that provides nitrogen for the body.
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Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body?
Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body?
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Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________.
Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________.
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Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________.
Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________.
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Name the B vitamin that can be made from the amino acid tryptophan.
Name the B vitamin that can be made from the amino acid tryptophan.
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Why are some nutrients classified as essential nutrients?
Why are some nutrients classified as essential nutrients?
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Neuropeptide Y __________ appetite.
Neuropeptide Y __________ appetite.
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What occurs during the series of reactions called beta oxidation?
What occurs during the series of reactions called beta oxidation?
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Isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are three examples of amino acids that the body cannot make in sufficient quantity. How are these compounds classified?
Isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are three examples of amino acids that the body cannot make in sufficient quantity. How are these compounds classified?
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For each kilogram of body weight, an individual requires __________ of energy to maintain their basal metabolic rate.
For each kilogram of body weight, an individual requires __________ of energy to maintain their basal metabolic rate.
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The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals?
The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals?
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Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.
Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.
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In children, deficiency of vitamin D results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called?
In children, deficiency of vitamin D results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called?
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Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA.
Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA.
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Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral?
Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral?
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Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic.
Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic.
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Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated.
Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated.
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Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin.
Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin.
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Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
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Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation.
Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation.
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Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes.
Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes.
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The vitamin __________ is a coenzyme for reactions involving nitrogen-containing compounds, including proteins and amino acids. Therefore, the dietary need for this vitamin depends on protein intake.
The vitamin __________ is a coenzyme for reactions involving nitrogen-containing compounds, including proteins and amino acids. Therefore, the dietary need for this vitamin depends on protein intake.
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Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly lead to __________.
Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly lead to __________.
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Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are __________ that provide energy and are required in large amounts. Vitamins and minerals are __________ that do not provide energy and are required in smaller amounts.
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are __________ that provide energy and are required in large amounts. Vitamins and minerals are __________ that do not provide energy and are required in smaller amounts.
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Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet?
Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet?
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Study Notes
Nutrient Conversion and Types
- Monosaccharides absorbed from the digestive tract are converted to glucose by liver enzymes.
- Saturated fats are linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Triglycerides serve primarily as an energy source in the body.
Protein and Amino Acids
- Deamination is the process amino acids undergo to be utilized for fuel or to generate glucose.
- Complete proteins supply all essential amino acids necessary for life and growth.
- Proteins are the nutrients that provide nitrogen essential for bodily functions.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely stored in body tissues compared to water-soluble vitamins.
- Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin A.
- Ultraviolet light converts a cholesterol-derived provitamin in the skin to vitamin D.
- Niacin, a B vitamin, can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan.
Essential Nutrients
- Essential nutrients cannot be produced in sufficient quantities by the body; thus, they must be consumed through diet.
Regulatory Compounds and Reactions
- Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite.
- Beta oxidation involves the removal of two-carbon segments from fatty acids.
Amino Acid Classification
- Isoleucine, leucine, and lysine are essential amino acids that the body cannot synthesize adequately.
Energy Requirements
- Each kilogram of body weight requires approximately 1 calorie per hour to maintain the basal metabolic rate.
Bone Health
- Bone tissue's inorganic portion contains calcium and phosphorus.
- Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.
- Rickets is a deficiency condition in children characterized by bone deformities due to lack of vitamin D.
Blood Health
- Several B vitamins, including folic acid and vitamin B12, are vital for DNA production; deficiencies can lead to anemia.
- Iron is essential for hemoglobin production in red blood cells.
- Pernicious anemia, which can lead to nerve damage, arises from deficiencies in vitamin B12 and cobalt.
- Megaloblastic anemia results from a folic acid deficiency, leading to abnormally large red blood cells.
- Iron deficiency causes anemia characterized by pale red blood cells due to reduced hemoglobin.
Mineral Deficiencies
- Sodium deficiency may lead to cramps and convulsions due to increased neural and muscular excitability.
- Calcium deficiency can result in tetany, a condition involving sustained muscle contractions.
- Potassium deficiency causes muscular weakness from hyperpolarization of cell membranes.
Vitamin Functions
- Vitamin B-6 is a coenzyme in reactions involving nitrogen-containing compounds, depending on protein intake.
Nutritional Issues in Elderly
- Many aging individuals experience undernutrition due to various medical and socioeconomic factors.
Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients
- Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as macronutrients, providing energy and required in large amounts.
- Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients, do not provide energy, and are needed in smaller amounts.
Benefits of Dietary Fiber
- Dietary fiber aids in intestinal bulk, promoting better movement of intestinal contents.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biochemistry concepts from Chapter 18. This quiz covers key terms related to digestion, fats, and metabolic processes. Prepare to answer questions about monosaccharides, triglycerides, and amino acids.
