Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following conditions can lead to an elevated potassium level?
Which of the following conditions can lead to an elevated potassium level?
Which of the following conditions can cause a decrease in sodium levels?
Which of the following conditions can cause a decrease in sodium levels?
What is the normal range for potassium levels in the blood?
What is the normal range for potassium levels in the blood?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased white blood cell count?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased white blood cell count?
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Which of the following conditions can result in an elevated sodium level?
Which of the following conditions can result in an elevated sodium level?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of an elevated white blood cell count?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of an elevated white blood cell count?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a decreased sodium level?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a decreased sodium level?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of a decreased white blood cell count?
Which of the following is a potential cause of a decreased white blood cell count?
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Study Notes
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
- Normal range: 4,500-10,000 per mm3
- Increased WBCs: Infection, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, stress, tissue necrosis, bone marrow depression, overwhelming infection, viral infection, immunosuppression, autoimmune disease, dietary deficiency
- Decreased WBCs: Bone marrow depression, overwhelming infection, viral infections, immunosuppression, autoimmune disease, dietary deficiencies
Potassium
- Normal range: 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
- Increased Potassium: Renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretic use, excessive potassium intake, adrenal insufficiency, acidosis, severe tissue trauma (burns), starvation, potassium-depleting diuretic use, corticosteroids, severe vomiting, gastric suctioning, alkalosis
- Decreased Potassium: Potassium-depleting diuretic use, corticosteroids, severe vomiting, gastric suctioning, alkalosis
Sodium
- Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L
- Increased Sodium: Impaired thirst mechanism, profuse sweating, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, Cushing syndrome, diuretic use, renal disease, adrenal insufficiency, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive GI suctioning, heart failure, burns
- Decreased Sodium: Impaired thirst mechanism, profuse sweating, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, Cushing syndrome, diuretic use, renal disease, adrenal insufficiency, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive GI suctioning, heart failure, burns
Total Cholesterol
- Normal range: <200 mg/dL
- High Cholesterol: Dietary high in cholesterol and fats, obesity, family history, alcoholism, diabetes/metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, malnutrition, malabsorption, severe liver disease, certain cancers
- Low Cholesterol: (No specific causes listed, only implicitly mentioned)
Platelets
- Normal range: 150,000-450,000/uL
- High Platelets: Polycythemia Vera, malignant tumors, post-splenectomy
- Low Platelets: Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, alcoholism, aplastic anemia, leukemia, chemotherapy/radiation
Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR)
- Increased PT/INR: Liver disease, biliary obstruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, poor fat absorption, vitamin K deficiency, certain antibiotics, decreased dietary intake of vitamin K
- Decreased PT/INR: Increased dietary vitamin k intake, increased vitamin k absorption
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
- High PTT: Hepatic disease, deficiencies in intrinsic clotting mechanisms, vitamin K deficiency
Glucose
- High Glucose: Diabetes/metabolic syndrome, acute stress reaction, chronic kidney disease, severe liver disease, pancreatitis, certain medications, Cushing's syndrome, acute alcohol ingestion, hypothyroidism, starvation, Addison's disease
- Low Glucose: Diabetes, pregnancy
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
- High HbA1c: Diabetes/metabolic syndrome, acute stress reaction, chronic kidney disease, severe liver disease, pancreatitis, certain medications, Cushing's syndrome, acute alcohol ingestion, hypothyroidism, starvation, Addison's disease
- Low HbA1c: (No specific causes listed, only implicitly mentioned)
Hemoglobin
- High Hemoglobin: Polycythemia Vera, dehydration, COPD, heart failure
- Low Hemoglobin: Anemia, blood loss, diseases of the bone marrow, certain cancers, chronic kidney disease
Hematocrit
- High Hematocrit: Dehydration, COPD, polycythemia vera, heart failure, liver disease, nutritional deficits, pregnancy
- Low Hematocrit: Anemia, blood loss, diseases of the bone marrow, certain cancers, chronic kidney disease
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
- High BUN: Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, dehydration, excessive protein ingestion, starvation, certain medications, inadequate dietary protein intake, malnutrition
- Low BUN: Overhydration, severe liver disease
Creatinine
- High Creatinine: Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, rhabdomyolysis, decreased muscle mass, inadequate dietary protein intake, severe liver disease, pregnancy
- Low Creatinine: (No specific causes listed, only implicitly mentioned)
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg
- HCO3: 22-28 mEq/L
- Lactate: Normal less than 2 mmol/L , greater than 4 mmol/L requires immediate intervention
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Description
Test your knowledge on white blood cell counts and key electrolytes like potassium and sodium. This quiz covers normal ranges, conditions causing increased or decreased levels, and their implications on health. It's perfect for students studying biochemistry or healthcare professionals refreshing their knowledge.
