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Questions and Answers
If a newly discovered biomolecule is found to contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, which class of biomolecules does it likely belong to?
If a newly discovered biomolecule is found to contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, which class of biomolecules does it likely belong to?
- Carbohydrates (correct)
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
- Proteins
During periods of high energy demand, which polysaccharide is most readily broken down in animals to release glucose?
During periods of high energy demand, which polysaccharide is most readily broken down in animals to release glucose?
- Starch
- Chitin
- Cellulose
- Glycogen (correct)
Which of the following best explains why monosaccharides are the only form of carbohydrates that can be directly utilized for energy by the body?
Which of the following best explains why monosaccharides are the only form of carbohydrates that can be directly utilized for energy by the body?
- They are the most abundant carbohydrates in the diet.
- They are the sweetest sugars and thus provide more immediate energy.
- They are the simplest form and can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream. (correct)
- They contain glycosidic bonds that are easily broken down.
What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the context of carbohydrate production?
What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the context of carbohydrate production?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
If a person is lactose intolerant, they have difficulty digesting lactose. Based on your understanding of disaccharides, what monosaccharides are released when lactose is broken down?
If a person is lactose intolerant, they have difficulty digesting lactose. Based on your understanding of disaccharides, what monosaccharides are released when lactose is broken down?
Cellulose and starch are both polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers. What accounts for their different properties and functions in living organisms?
Cellulose and starch are both polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers. What accounts for their different properties and functions in living organisms?
Which of the following is an example of a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants?
Which of the following is an example of a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants?
A scientist discovers a new polysaccharide composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine. Which of the following is the most likely function of this polysaccharide?
A scientist discovers a new polysaccharide composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine. Which of the following is the most likely function of this polysaccharide?
After a marathon, athletes often consume food rich in carbohydrates. Which of the following explains the primary reason for this practice?
After a marathon, athletes often consume food rich in carbohydrates. Which of the following explains the primary reason for this practice?
Match group A to group B
Match group A to group B
There are 5 Major Types of Biomolecules
There are 5 Major Types of Biomolecules
Flashcards
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Branch of both biology and chemistry that studies substances in living organisms and chemical reactions, aiming to understand the structure and behavior of biological molecules.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The most abundant class of biomolecules. They provide energy to drive metabolic reactions and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Monosaccharide/Sugar
Monosaccharide/Sugar
Building block molecule of carbohydrates.
Glucose
Glucose
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Fructose
Fructose
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Galactose
Galactose
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Disaccharides
Disaccharides
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Sucrose
Sucrose
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Lactose
Lactose
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Study Notes
- Biochemistry studies substances in living organisms
- Biochemistry studies chemical reactions underlying processes of life
- Biochemistry aims at understanding the structure and behavior of biological molecules
Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major types of biomolecules
Essential Elements
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the 6 essential elements to living organisms
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of biomolecules
- Carbohydrates provides energy for metabolic reactions
- Carbohydrates contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
- Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon with the general formula Cn(H2O)n
- Monosaccharides are the building block molecule of carbohydrates
- "Saccharides" comes from the Greek word sakcharon meaning sugar
- The suffix “-ose” denotes sugar
- Green plants produce carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis
Types of Polymers
- Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) have monomers made of monosaccharides such as sugars, starch and cellulose
- Lipids have monomers made of fatty acids and glycerol such as fats, steroids, cholesterol
- Proteins have monomers made of amino acids such as enzymes and structural components
- Nucleic acids have monomers made of nucleotides such as DNA and RNA
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharide are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further into simpler units
- About 20 monosaccharides occur in nature such as glucose and fructose
- Monosaccharides is the simplest form of sugar that can be absorbed and utilized by the body
- Monosaccharide has a formula: C6H12O6
Glucose
- Glucose is also known as "dextrose"
- Glucose is the simplest form of sugar
- The word Glucose comes from the Greek word for sweet wine, grape sugar, or blood sugar
- Glucose is an energy source, most importantly for the brain
Fructose
- Fructose is known as "fruit sugar"
- Fructose is the sweetest type of sugar
- Fructose comes from the Latin word for fruit: "fructus"
- Fructose is also known as levulose
- Fructose is found in fruits and honey
Galactose
- Galactose does not occur freely in nature
- The body produces galactose by ingestion of disaccharide lactose
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides
- Has a formula: C12H22O12
- They are bound together by a covalent bond known as glycosidic linkage/bond
Sucrose
- Sucrose is glucose + fructose
- Sucrose is the most common and most abundant disaccharide
- Sucrose is from the French word "sucre" - sugar
- Sucrose is found in sugar beets and sugar cane
Lactose
- Lactose is galactose + glucose
- Lactose is from the Latin word "lact"
- Lactose is found in milk
Maltose
- Maltose is glucose + glucose
- Maltose comes from the French word "malt" - malt sugar
- Maltose is used in making beer
- Maltose is found in germinating seeds
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are "non-sugars" and not sweet in taste
- They are carbohydrates which yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
- Common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums, etc.
Homopolysaccharide
- Homopolysaccharide is formed by the same type of monosaccharide
- Examples include starch, glucose, and cellulose
Heteropolysaccharide
- Heteropolysaccharide is formed by different types of monosaccharides
- Examples include glycosamines and peptidoglycans
Sample Polysaccharides
- Starch is a stored form of glucose in plants
- Chitin is a structural molecule in fungi and arthropods
- Glycogen is a stored form of glucose in animals and humans
- Cellulose is a major component of the plant's cell wall, which occurs in beta configuration while starch is in alpha
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