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Questions and Answers
What is the primary process by which plants produce carbohydrates?
What is the primary process by which plants produce carbohydrates?
Which of the following carbohydrates are derived from plants?
Which of the following carbohydrates are derived from plants?
What is glycogen primarily used for in animals?
What is glycogen primarily used for in animals?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily involved in the storage within plants?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily involved in the storage within plants?
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Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant cells?
Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant cells?
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Which monosaccharides can be synthesized from glucose?
Which monosaccharides can be synthesized from glucose?
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Which carbohydrate does not require digestion and is found in fruits?
Which carbohydrate does not require digestion and is found in fruits?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
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What form is excess glucose stored in plants?
What form is excess glucose stored in plants?
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What is the chief source of energy from carbohydrates?
What is the chief source of energy from carbohydrates?
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What carbohydrate is formed in the synthesis of lactose?
What carbohydrate is formed in the synthesis of lactose?
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Which of the following is classified as a non-digestible carbohydrate?
Which of the following is classified as a non-digestible carbohydrate?
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Which carbohydrate is composed of polymers of glucose and found in plant cell walls?
Which carbohydrate is composed of polymers of glucose and found in plant cell walls?
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Which of the following carbohydrates is not a type of disaccharide?
Which of the following carbohydrates is not a type of disaccharide?
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In which part of the body does the digestion of carbohydrates predominantly occur?
In which part of the body does the digestion of carbohydrates predominantly occur?
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What effect do non-digestible carbohydrates have on the body?
What effect do non-digestible carbohydrates have on the body?
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What is the primary focus of the first week in the module?
What is the primary focus of the first week in the module?
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What percentage of the final grade is allocated to the second exam?
What percentage of the final grade is allocated to the second exam?
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Which process is NOT covered in the carbohydrate metabolism weeks?
Which process is NOT covered in the carbohydrate metabolism weeks?
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What is required to pass the biochemistry module?
What is required to pass the biochemistry module?
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Biochemistry is primarily defined as:
Biochemistry is primarily defined as:
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Which topic will be discussed in the third week?
Which topic will be discussed in the third week?
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Which of the following is part of Week 05?
Which of the following is part of Week 05?
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Which week focuses entirely on enzymes?
Which week focuses entirely on enzymes?
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At which site does the digestion of carbohydrates start?
At which site does the digestion of carbohydrates start?
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Which enzyme is secreted by the pancreas to aid carbohydrate digestion?
Which enzyme is secreted by the pancreas to aid carbohydrate digestion?
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What is the end product of lactose digestion?
What is the end product of lactose digestion?
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Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down maltotriose into glucose?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down maltotriose into glucose?
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Which enzyme is not involved in carbohydrate digestion?
Which enzyme is not involved in carbohydrate digestion?
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Which of the following carbohydrates undergoes no digestion in the stomach?
Which of the following carbohydrates undergoes no digestion in the stomach?
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What is the role of intestinal brush border enzymes?
What is the role of intestinal brush border enzymes?
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Which of these compounds is produced from starch by Salivary Amylase?
Which of these compounds is produced from starch by Salivary Amylase?
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What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?
What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?
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Which mechanism is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose?
Which mechanism is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose?
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What happens to cellulose during digestion in humans?
What happens to cellulose during digestion in humans?
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Which monosaccharide is absorbed through facilitated transport?
Which monosaccharide is absorbed through facilitated transport?
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Why is glucose included in Oral Rehydration Therapy?
Why is glucose included in Oral Rehydration Therapy?
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Where does the absorption of monosaccharides primarily occur?
Where does the absorption of monosaccharides primarily occur?
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Which of the following carbohydrates does not require digestion before absorption?
Which of the following carbohydrates does not require digestion before absorption?
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What is the role of sodium in the absorption process of glucose?
What is the role of sodium in the absorption process of glucose?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry - Introduction
- Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life.
- It combines aspects of both biology and chemistry.
Carbohydrates as Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates are a primary class of biomolecules.
- They are obtained from both plant and animal sources.
Carbohydrate Sources
-
Plant Sources:
- Plants create carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
- Forms include glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, cellulose, and starch.
- Carbohydrates are used in the formation of plant cell walls (cellulose)
- Stored as starch (polymer of glucose).
-
Animal Sources:
- Animals use plant carbohydrates to create their own carbohydrates.
- Excess glucose is stored as glycogen (in liver and muscles).
- Glucose and galactose are used to form lactose (in milk).
Dietary Carbohydrates
- The primary source of carbohydrates is plants.
- Dietary carbohydrates are classified into:
- Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
- Disaccharides: Maltose, sucrose, lactose
- Monosaccharides: Galactose, glucose, fructose
Carbohydrates Digestion
- Digestion is the process of breaking down complex foods into their basic units (monomers).
- This facilitates absorption.
-
Digestible Carbohydrates are the primary energy source (4 calories/gram).
- Examples: starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
-
Non-Digestible Carbohydrates are not a source of calories.
- They have various beneficial effects on the body:
- promote normal gut motility
- prevent constipation
- improve glycemic level control in diabetic patients.
- Examples: dietary fibers (cellulose), pectins, and gums
- They have various beneficial effects on the body:
Digestion: Sites & Enzymes
- Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth, duodenum, and upper jejunum of the small intestine.
- Digestive enzymes (glycosidases) speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates.
- Salivary Amylase: secreted by salivary glands
- Pancreatic Amylase: secreted by the pancreas
- Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes: found in the microvilli of the small intestine and complete the digestion process.
Digestive Enzyme Action Explained
-
Salivary Amylase
- Breaks down starch and glycogen into dextrin, maltotriose, maltose, and isomaltose.
-
Pancreatic Amylase
- Breaks down starch and glycogen into limit dextrin, maltotriose, maltose, and isomaltose.
-
Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes
- Maltase: breaks down maltotriose or maltose into glucose.
- Isomaltase: breaks down isomaltose into glucose.
- Lactase: breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
- Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.
- Dextrinase: breaks down dextrin and limit dextrin into glucose molecules.
Carbohydrate Absorption
- Absorption is the process of taking digested monomers across the gastrointestinal tract walls into circulation (blood or lymph).
- Ileum: the primary site of carbohydrate absorption.
- Monosaccharides readily absorbed through the intestinal mucosal cells into the bloodstream.
- Absorption mechanisms:
- Active Transport: glucose and galactose are actively transported using SGLT1 (sodium glucose transporter) against concentration gradient. This requires ATP.
- Facilitated Transport: fructose is passively transported using GLUT5 (glucose transporter 5) along the concentration gradient.
Importance of Glucose
-
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT):
- Glucose is added to ORT solutions to improve sodium absorption in the intestines.
- Glucose and sodium share the same transport mechanism (co-transport).
- This helps to restore water and electrolyte balance in the body.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biochemistry with a focus on carbohydrates, the essential biomolecules. This quiz covers sources, types, and functions of carbohydrates, providing insights into their importance in both plant and animal life. Test your knowledge on dietary carbohydrates and their classifications.
