Biochemistry Introduction to Carbohydrates
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Biochemistry Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process by which plants produce carbohydrates?

  • Transpiration
  • Respiration
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Fermentation

    • Which of the following carbohydrates are derived from plants?

  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Glycogen
  • Lactose

    • What is glycogen primarily used for in animals?

  • Energy storage in the form of starch
  • Synthesis of cellulose
  • Formation of plant cell walls
  • Energy storage in liver and muscles (correct)

    • Which type of carbohydrate is primarily involved in the storage within plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant cells?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharides can be synthesized from glucose?

    <p>Fructose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate does not require digestion and is found in fruits?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

    <p>Formation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form is excess glucose stored in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief source of energy from carbohydrates?

    <p>4 C/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What carbohydrate is formed in the synthesis of lactose?

    <p>Galactose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a non-digestible carbohydrate?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is composed of polymers of glucose and found in plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates is not a type of disaccharide?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body does the digestion of carbohydrates predominantly occur?

    <p>Mouth &amp; Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do non-digestible carbohydrates have on the body?

    <p>Promote gut motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first week in the module?

    <p>Classification of Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the final grade is allocated to the second exam?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT covered in the carbohydrate metabolism weeks?

    <p>Fatty Acid Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to pass the biochemistry module?

    <p>Achieve a minimum overall pass grade of 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biochemistry is primarily defined as:

    <p>The Chemistry of Life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topic will be discussed in the third week?

    <p>Glycogen Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of Week 05?

    <p>Lipids Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which week focuses entirely on enzymes?

    <p>Week 07</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which site does the digestion of carbohydrates start?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is secreted by the pancreas to aid carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Pancreatic Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of lactose digestion?

    <p>Glucose and Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down maltotriose into glucose?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not involved in carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates undergoes no digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Limit Dextrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intestinal brush border enzymes?

    <p>Complete the digestion of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these compounds is produced from starch by Salivary Amylase?

    <p>Dextrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Monosaccharides and Undigested Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for the absorption of glucose and galactose?

    <p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cellulose during digestion in humans?

    <p>No digestion occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is absorbed through facilitated transport?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glucose included in Oral Rehydration Therapy?

    <p>It co-transport with sodium, enhancing absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the absorption of monosaccharides primarily occur?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates does not require digestion before absorption?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium in the absorption process of glucose?

    <p>It is co-transported with glucose for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry - Introduction

    • Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life.
    • It combines aspects of both biology and chemistry.

    Carbohydrates as Biomolecules

    • Carbohydrates are a primary class of biomolecules.
    • They are obtained from both plant and animal sources.

    Carbohydrate Sources

    • Plant Sources:
      • Plants create carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
      • Forms include glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, cellulose, and starch.
      • Carbohydrates are used in the formation of plant cell walls (cellulose)
      • Stored as starch (polymer of glucose).
    • Animal Sources:
      • Animals use plant carbohydrates to create their own carbohydrates.
      • Excess glucose is stored as glycogen (in liver and muscles).
      • Glucose and galactose are used to form lactose (in milk).

    Dietary Carbohydrates

    • The primary source of carbohydrates is plants.
    • Dietary carbohydrates are classified into:
      • Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
      • Disaccharides: Maltose, sucrose, lactose
      • Monosaccharides: Galactose, glucose, fructose

    Carbohydrates Digestion

    • Digestion is the process of breaking down complex foods into their basic units (monomers).
    • This facilitates absorption.
    • Digestible Carbohydrates are the primary energy source (4 calories/gram).
      • Examples: starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
    • Non-Digestible Carbohydrates are not a source of calories.
      • They have various beneficial effects on the body:
        • promote normal gut motility
        • prevent constipation
        • improve glycemic level control in diabetic patients.
      • Examples: dietary fibers (cellulose), pectins, and gums

    Digestion: Sites & Enzymes

    • Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth, duodenum, and upper jejunum of the small intestine.
    • Digestive enzymes (glycosidases) speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates.
    • Salivary Amylase: secreted by salivary glands
    • Pancreatic Amylase: secreted by the pancreas
    • Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes: found in the microvilli of the small intestine and complete the digestion process.

    Digestive Enzyme Action Explained

    • Salivary Amylase
      • Breaks down starch and glycogen into dextrin, maltotriose, maltose, and isomaltose.
    • Pancreatic Amylase
      • Breaks down starch and glycogen into limit dextrin, maltotriose, maltose, and isomaltose.
    • Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes
      • Maltase: breaks down maltotriose or maltose into glucose.
      • Isomaltase: breaks down isomaltose into glucose.
      • Lactase: breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
      • Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.
      • Dextrinase: breaks down dextrin and limit dextrin into glucose molecules.

    Carbohydrate Absorption

    • Absorption is the process of taking digested monomers across the gastrointestinal tract walls into circulation (blood or lymph).
    • Ileum: the primary site of carbohydrate absorption.
    • Monosaccharides readily absorbed through the intestinal mucosal cells into the bloodstream.
    • Absorption mechanisms:
      • Active Transport: glucose and galactose are actively transported using SGLT1 (sodium glucose transporter) against concentration gradient. This requires ATP.
      • Facilitated Transport: fructose is passively transported using GLUT5 (glucose transporter 5) along the concentration gradient.

    Importance of Glucose

    • Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT):
      • Glucose is added to ORT solutions to improve sodium absorption in the intestines.
      • Glucose and sodium share the same transport mechanism (co-transport).
      • This helps to restore water and electrolyte balance in the body.

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    Related Documents

    Tutorial 1 - Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates - Biochemistry (Winter 2024/1) - University of Hertfordshire - PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of biochemistry with a focus on carbohydrates, the essential biomolecules. This quiz covers sources, types, and functions of carbohydrates, providing insights into their importance in both plant and animal life. Test your knowledge on dietary carbohydrates and their classifications.

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