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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
- To store genetic information
- To produce energy for the cell
- To synthesize proteins
- To control which materials can enter and exit the cell (correct)
What are the two types of cells?
What are the two types of cells?
- Animal and plant
- Red and white blood
- Somatic and germ
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic (correct)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
- Amino acids (correct)
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic acids
- Fatty acids
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
What is the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA?
What is the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA?
What is the function of proteins in the body?
What is the function of proteins in the body?
What determines the quality of a protein?
What determines the quality of a protein?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
What are the two types of cells?
What are the two types of cells?
What are proteins made up of?
What are proteins made up of?
Which amino acids are essential?
Which amino acids are essential?
What is protein synthesis?
What is protein synthesis?
What determines protein quality?
What determines protein quality?
What is the role of proteins in the body?
What is the role of proteins in the body?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in muscle protein synthesis?
What is the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in muscle protein synthesis?
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
What is denaturation of proteins?
What is denaturation of proteins?
What is the function of enzymes?
What is the function of enzymes?
What is protein quality?
What is protein quality?
What is the effect of lentil protein on pig growth compared to barley-based diets?
What is the effect of lentil protein on pig growth compared to barley-based diets?
What is the biological value of animal sources compared to vegetable sources?
What is the biological value of animal sources compared to vegetable sources?
What percentage of an average healthy adult's body is made up of water?
What percentage of an average healthy adult's body is made up of water?
What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is hyponatremia?
What is hyponatremia?
What are the negative effects of dehydration and overhydration on the body?
What are the negative effects of dehydration and overhydration on the body?
What is the role of gut microbiota in the body?
What is the role of gut microbiota in the body?
What is the biological value of animal sources compared to vegetable sources?
What is the biological value of animal sources compared to vegetable sources?
What percentage of an average healthy adult's body is made up of water?
What percentage of an average healthy adult's body is made up of water?
What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is hyponatremia?
What is hyponatremia?
What is the role of gut microbiota in the body?
What is the role of gut microbiota in the body?
What are the negative effects of dehydration and overhydration on the body?
What are the negative effects of dehydration and overhydration on the body?
What is the percentage range of water in the human body?
What is the percentage range of water in the human body?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is the role of electrolytes in the body?
What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the recommended source of water intake?
What is the recommended source of water intake?
What is the effect of diuretics on fluid balance?
What is the effect of diuretics on fluid balance?
What is the role of an osmometer in measuring hydration levels?
What is the role of an osmometer in measuring hydration levels?
What percentage of the human body is made up of water?
What percentage of the human body is made up of water?
What is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration called?
What is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration called?
Which of the following electrolytes participate in fluid balance?
Which of the following electrolytes participate in fluid balance?
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in regulating fluid intake?
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in regulating fluid intake?
What is the recommended way to maintain fluid balance during marathon running?
What is the recommended way to maintain fluid balance during marathon running?
What can diuretics like caffeine and alcohol do to fluid balance?
What can diuretics like caffeine and alcohol do to fluid balance?
What is the tool used to measure overhydration and dehydration?
What is the tool used to measure overhydration and dehydration?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
The semi-permeable outer boundary of all cells.
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
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Active transport
Active transport
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Macronutrients
Macronutrients
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Amino acids
Amino acids
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Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds
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Essential amino acids
Essential amino acids
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Non-essential amino acids
Non-essential amino acids
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BCAAs
BCAAs
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Transamination
Transamination
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Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
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Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure
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Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure
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Enzyme
Enzyme
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Enzyme nomenclature
Enzyme nomenclature
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Protein Denaturation
Protein Denaturation
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Protein quality
Protein quality
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Principles of Biochemistry and Protein Lecture Summary
- The tutorial covers essential and some non-essential principles of biochemistry, with a focus on cellular foundations, chemical foundations, and macromolecules.
- Cells are the basic building blocks of life, and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and ribosomes.
- The cell membrane is the semi-permeable outer boundary of all cells, controlling which materials can enter and exit. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.
- Membrane transport includes osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
- Proteins are macronutrients that contain nitrogen and are made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They vary in size and are continually turned over.
- Amino acids share common structural features and can be essential or non-essential. Non-essential amino acids can be made in the body through transamination.
- Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) like leucine, isoleucine, and valine are essential and may play a role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis and intracellular signaling pathways.
- The lecture covers the structures and properties of amino acids, and how they are used to make proteins.
- Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation, with the DNA code being transcribed into RNA and then translated into a chain of amino acids.
- Proteins have many functions in the body, including structural support, transport, enzyme catalysis, and signaling.
- Protein quality is determined by its amino acid composition and digestibility. Animal proteins generally have higher quality than plant proteins.
- The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding biochemistry and protein principles for health, nutrition, and athletic performance.
Proteins, Enzymes and Protein Quality: Key Concepts
- Non-essential amino acids can be made in the body through transamination.
- Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) play a role in muscle protein synthesis and have unique capacity to stimulate it.
- Primary structure of a protein refers to its amino acid sequence and alterations can be caused by inherited genetic variation.
- Secondary structure results from weak chemical bonds and folding of the primary structure due to the charges of amino and carboxylic acid groups.
- Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a protein, determined by the interactions of the side chains.
- Quaternary structure refers to a protein made from more than one polypeptide chain, such as hemoglobin.
- Denaturation of proteins can be caused by various conditions including heat, acid, detergents, bases, salts, and heavy metals.
- Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier and can speed up reactions by over a billion times.
- Enzyme nomenclature includes names such as kinase, phosphatase, synthase, carboxylase, decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, isomerase, and mutase, depending on the type of reaction catalyzed.
- Enzymatic reactions can be influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations, and presence of inhibitors or activators.
- All proteins are not of equal nutritional value and protein quality can be estimated through methods such as protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score.
- Pigs fed on diets based on lentil protein grew faster than those on barley-based diets, despite the protein/nitrogen content being matched.
The Importance of Water and Electrolytes in the Body
- Biological value indicates the percentage of nitrogen utilized by the body and is higher in animal sources than vegetable sources due to essential amino acid content.
- Water makes up 45-75% of an average healthy adult's body, with distribution varying by age, gender, and muscle/fat composition.
- Water is a polar molecule with positive and negative areas, allowing for hydrogen bonding and properties such as high surface tension and a high heat of vaporization.
- Water is a universal solvent, dissolving more substances than any other liquid, and plays important roles in body temperature regulation, lubrication, transportation, and hydrolysis/condensation reactions.
- Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, participate in fluid balance and can cause fluid shifts between compartments in the body.
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
- The sodium-potassium pump and hormones such as ADH and aldosterone help regulate fluid intake and reabsorption in the body.
- Dehydration and overhydration can have negative effects on the body, and it is important to consume an appropriate amount of water and electrolytes.
- Caffeine and alcohol can act as diuretics and affect fluid balance.
- Hyponatremia, or low blood sodium levels, can occur from consuming too much water.
- Gut microbiota play important roles in digestion and overall health, and functional foods can help support a healthy microbiome.
- Understanding the importance of water and electrolytes in the body can help individuals make informed choices about their diet and hydration habits.
Importance of Water and Electrolytes in the Body
- Biological value measures the percentage of nitrogen utilized from food and is higher in animal sources due to their essential amino acid content.
- Water makes up 45-75% of the human body and its distribution depends on age, gender, and body composition.
- Water is a polar molecule with positive and negative areas, which creates hydrogen bonding and gives it unique properties like high surface tension and solubility.
- Water is a universal solvent and participates in body functions like temperature regulation, lubrication, and transportation of nutrients and waste.
- Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium participate in fluid balance and can shift fluids between compartments.
- Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
- The sodium-potassium pump and hormones like ADH and aldosterone help stimulate fluid intake and regulate electrolyte balance.
- Marathon running can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, and it is important to drink enough water and consume electrolytes during exercise.
- The amount of water a person needs depends on their body weight and activity level, and can be obtained from both beverages and foods.
- Diuretics like caffeine and alcohol can affect fluid balance, and consuming too much or too little water can lead to dehydration or hyponatremia.
- Overhydration and dehydration can be measured using an osmometer, which measures the concentration of solutes in bodily fluids.
- Understanding the role of water and electrolytes in the body is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and overall health.
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