Biochemistry Carbs
43 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of sugar is characterized by having its functional group as an aldehyde?

  • Disaccharide
  • Ketose
  • Polysaccharide
  • Aldose (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of an aldose sugar?

  • Sucrose
  • Galactose (correct)
  • Fructose
  • Xylose

    • What is the general formula used to represent carbohydrates?

  • Cn(H2O)n (correct)
  • C(H2O)2n
  • C6(H2O)6
  • C(H2O)

    • Which carbohydrate serves as a major storage form of energy in humans?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy yield of 1 gram of carbohydrates when metabolized?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a sugar has a carbonyl carbon that is not at the end of its carbon chain, it is classified as a:

    <p>Ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a saccharide?

    <p>A monosaccharide or simple sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group characterizes all aldose sugars?

    <p>Aldehyde (C=O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines reducing sugars in terms of their chemical structure?

    <p>Presence of free -C=O groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about glycosaminoglycans is correct?

    <p>They consist of amino acids and uronic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the glycemic index (GI) determined for carbohydrates?

    <p>By comparing blood glucose response to a reference food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oligosaccharides is typically not digestible by humans?

    <p>Raffinose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrates would have a glycemic index of less than 1?

    <p>Fructose and sugar alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide predominantly consists of branched chains linked by both α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between α and β anomers?

    <p>The position of the OH group on the anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes furanose and pyranose forms of monosaccharides?

    <p>Furanose is a five-membered ring structure, while pyranose is a six-membered ring structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is classified as a heteropolysaccharide?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of monosaccharides also includes examples such as glucose and mannose?

    <p>Aldoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of molecules are considered isomers?

    <p>Chemical compounds that differ in structure but have the same formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure connection found between monosaccharides in polysaccharides?

    <p>Glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the glucose units in amylose primarily linked?

    <p>By α-1,4 bonds only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about D- and L-sugars is true?

    <p>L-sugars are mirror images of D-sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branching structure of amylopectin characterized by?

    <p>Every 8-12 glucose units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polysaccharide is known for being unbranched and has α-1,4 glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes epimers?

    <p>Types of isomers that differ in the position of OH group at one carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide serves as a major component of plant cell walls and is a source of dietary fiber?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a homopolysaccharide?

    <p>Composed of only one type of sugar unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inulin in the context of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination?

    <p>It is used to assess kidney function because it cannot be hydrolyzed in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form do monosaccharides with five or more carbons predominantly exist in aqueous solutions?

    <p>Cyclic form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism is represented by compounds that are mirror images of each other?

    <p>Enantiomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates glucose from galactose?

    <p>The position of the -OH group at C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polysaccharide is characterized by a branched structure and includes both α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT associated with monosaccharides?

    <p>They can be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the functional group of ketoses?

    <p>It has a carbonyl carbon at any other position in the chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is NOT an isomer of C6H12O6?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do oligosaccharides play in cell interactions?

    <p>They confer specificity to cells and are involved in cell-to-cell interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a compound made of three to ten monosaccharide units?

    <p>Oligosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which simple sugar is specifically noted for being a ketose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of epimers among monosaccharides?

    <p>They differ in the configuration around one specific carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

    <p>Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common formula for the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate consists of only one sugar unit?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of proteoglycans in biological systems?

    <p>They act as lubricants and assist in transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates (CHO) are defined as Cn(H2O)n, functioning as aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
    • Commonly known as saccharides or sugars.
    • Essential biomolecules functioning primarily as energy sources, structural components, and interaction mediators in cells.

    Types of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars that cannot be further hydrolyzed and act as the monomeric units of carbohydrates.
    • Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharide units linked together through glycosidic bonds.
    • Oligosaccharides: 3-10 monosaccharide units, often indigestible by humans.
    • Polysaccharides: More than 10 monosaccharide units, can be linear or branched structures.

    Monosaccharides Characteristics

    • Classified as aldoses with an aldehyde group or ketoses with a ketone group based on the carbonyl position.
    • Isomers such as glucose, galactose, and fructose share the same formula (C6H12O6) but vary in structure.
    • D- and L- isomerism is based on spatial orientation, with D-sugars being more common.

    Important Reactions and Structures

    • Anomers occur when a monosaccharide can form cyclic structures, differing in hydroxyl position at the anomeric carbon; labeled as α (hydroxyl down) or β (hydroxyl up).
    • Glycosidic bonds link sugar units, facilitating the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

    Polysaccharide Types and Functions

    • Homopolysaccharides consist of a single type of sugar unit (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
    • Heteropolysaccharides contain multiple sugar units (e.g., heparin, hyaluronic acid).
    • Starch is made up of amylose (linear, α-1,4 bonds) and amylopectin (branched, α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds).

    Glycogen and Fiber

    • Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide consisting primarily of glucose units, providing an energy reserve.
    • Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, serves as dietary fiber promoting gut health.

    Derived Carbohydrates

    • Result from chemical reactions such as oxidation (sugar acids) or reduction (sugar alcohols).
    • Common derived carbohydrates include glucoronic acid, mannitol, and glucosamine.

    Glycoproteins and Glycogenic Index

    • Glycoproteins (mucoproteins) are proteins with attached oligosaccharide chains, playing roles in cellular functions.
    • Glycemic index measures how carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels, with glucose at an index of 1 and variable indices for starches and nonstarch polysaccharides.

    Reducing Sugars and Detection

    • Reducing sugars possess free carbonyl groups and act as reducing agents; all monosaccharides qualify.
    • Nonreducing sugars include sucrose and trehalose.
    • Tests like Benedict’s reagent and Fehling’s test help detect reducing sugars in urine, indicating sugar presence through color changes.

    Summary of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are vital components of food and tissues, serving multiple physiological roles in energy provision, structural support, and cellular regulation.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Carbohydrates PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on aldoses and their characteristics, particularly the presence of aldehyde functional groups. It is designed for students in the College of Medicine at Western Mindanao State University, covering essential biochemical principles. Prepare to test your understanding of carbonyl structures and their implications in biochemistry.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser