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Questions and Answers
What are the most abundant biomolecules in nature?
What are the most abundant biomolecules in nature?
Carbohydrates
What is the general formula for simple monosaccharides?
What is the general formula for simple monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n
What is the function group of aldoses?
What is the function group of aldoses?
- Ketone
- Carboxylic acid
- Aldehyde (correct)
- Amine
What is the function group of ketoses?
What is the function group of ketoses?
What is the name of the bond that joins monosaccharides together in oligosaccharides?
What is the name of the bond that joins monosaccharides together in oligosaccharides?
Polysaccharides are large polymers composed of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.
Polysaccharides are large polymers composed of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.
What is the chemical formula for cellulose?
What is the chemical formula for cellulose?
What is the chemical formula for glycogen?
What is the chemical formula for glycogen?
What is the chemical formula for starch?
What is the chemical formula for starch?
What is the name of the carbohydrate that transports energy in plants?
What is the name of the carbohydrate that transports energy in plants?
What is the name of the protein that is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen?
What is the name of the protein that is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen?
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases.
What are the three levels of protein organization?
What are the three levels of protein organization?
What type of bond links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?
What type of bond links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?
Which of the following is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in animals?
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in animals?
What is the name of the molecule that is produced when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an alcohol?
What is the name of the molecule that is produced when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an alcohol?
What is the name of the molecule that is formed when an amine reacts with a sugar?
What is the name of the molecule that is formed when an amine reacts with a sugar?
What are the two main types of polysaccharides?
What are the two main types of polysaccharides?
What is the name of the polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods?
What is the name of the polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods?
All monosaccharides have at least one chiral center.
All monosaccharides have at least one chiral center.
What is the name of the type of isomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another?
What is the name of the type of isomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another?
What is the name of the convention used to designate the absolute configuration of chiral centers in carbohydrates?
What is the name of the convention used to designate the absolute configuration of chiral centers in carbohydrates?
Most of the hexoses in living organisms are L-isomers.
Most of the hexoses in living organisms are L-isomers.
What is the name of the process by which monomers are joined together to form polymers?
What is the name of the process by which monomers are joined together to form polymers?
What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?
What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?
What is the name of the type of protein that is composed of a single polypeptide chain?
What is the name of the type of protein that is composed of a single polypeptide chain?
What is the name of the type of protein that is composed of multiple polypeptide chains?
What is the name of the type of protein that is composed of multiple polypeptide chains?
What is the name of the type of protein that has a globular shape?
What is the name of the type of protein that has a globular shape?
What is the name of the type of protein that has a fibrous shape?
What is the name of the type of protein that has a fibrous shape?
What is the name of the type of enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What is the name of the type of enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What is the name of the type of enzyme that does not exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics and has multiple binding sites?
What is the name of the type of enzyme that does not exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics and has multiple binding sites?
What does the Michaelis constant (Km) represent?
What does the Michaelis constant (Km) represent?
Allosteric enzymes can be activated or inhibited by allosteric effectors.
Allosteric enzymes can be activated or inhibited by allosteric effectors.
What is the name of the type of molecule that is made up of a sugar and a non-sugar molecule?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is made up of a sugar and a non-sugar molecule?
What is the name of the type of glycoconjugate that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a lipid?
What is the name of the type of glycoconjugate that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a lipid?
What is the name of the type of glycoconjugate that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a protein?
What is the name of the type of glycoconjugate that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a protein?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a protein and a glycosaminoglycan?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a protein and a glycosaminoglycan?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a sugar and a phosphate group?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a sugar and a phosphate group?
The head of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.
The head of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.
The tail of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.
The tail of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.
What is the name of the type of protein that spans the entire cell membrane?
What is the name of the type of protein that spans the entire cell membrane?
What is the name of the type of protein that is attached to the surface of the cell membrane?
What is the name of the type of protein that is attached to the surface of the cell membrane?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a protein or lipid?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a protein or lipid?
The glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that joins two monosaccharides together.
The glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that joins two monosaccharides together.
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a protein and a glycosaminoglycan?
What is the name of the type of molecule that is composed of a protein and a glycosaminoglycan?
Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged due to the presence of sulfate groups.
Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged due to the presence of sulfate groups.
Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The most abundant biomolecules in nature, primarily produced through photosynthesis and having a formula (CHâ‚‚O)â‚™. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or can be hydrolyzed to form them.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars; single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone units.
Aldose
Aldose
A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group as its most oxidized functional group.
Ketose
Ketose
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Asymmetric Carbon
Asymmetric Carbon
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Enantiomers
Enantiomers
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Epimers
Epimers
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D-isomer
D-isomer
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Glycosidic bond
Glycosidic bond
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Disaccharides
Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Starch
Starch
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Study Notes
Biochemistry 2 - Carbohydrate Biochemistry
- Carbohydrates (CHO) are the most abundant biomolecules in nature.
- CHO are the product of photosynthesis: nCO2 + H2O → (CH2O)n + nO2 (light)
- Originally thought to have the formula (CH2O)n, but only simple monosaccharides obey this rule.
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or larger molecules that can be hydrolyzed to polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Carbohydrate Objectives
- Recognize the features and functions of different classes of carbohydrates.
- Understand the concept of asymmetric carbons and other diastereoisomers, epimers, enantiomers, and anomers.
- Recognize the structure of glucose and its relationship with other monosaccharides.
- Understand the different reactions of monosaccharides.
- Understand the nature of the glycosidic bond and recognize the structure of common disaccharides.
- Recognize different types and classes of polysaccharides.
- Understand the basic differences between amylose and cellulose.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Energy source for plants and animals.
- Source of carbon in metabolic processes.
- Storage form of energy (starch, glycogen).
- Structural elements of cells and tissues (cellulose).
- Participate in recognition and adhesion between cells, mediating intercellular communication.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit (e.g., glucose, most abundant).
- Oligosaccharides: short chains of 2-20 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds (e.g., sucrose).
- Polysaccharides: chains of 20+ monosaccharides (linear or branched).
- Storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen).
- Structural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin).
Monosaccharides
- Backbone: unbranched carbon chains.
- Colorless, crystalline, solid, soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents.
- Ketose: most oxidized functional group is a ketone.
- Aldose: most oxidized functional group is an aldehyde.
- Classified by the number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, etc.).
- Simplest monosaccharides are 3 carbons; common monosaccharides are 6 carbons.
- All monosaccharides (except dihydroxyacetone) have one or more asymmetric carbons.
Stereoisomers and Enantiomers
- Stereoisomers are non-superimposable mirror images.
- Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
- By convention, one enantiomer is designated as the D-isomer, the other is the L-isomer, based on the configuration of the chiral center farthest from the carbonyl carbon.
- In general, a molecule with n chiral centers can have 2^n stereoisomers.
- Most hexoses in living organisms are D-isomers.
Series of D-Ketoses
- Have one less chiral center than aldoses.
- C-4 and C-5 ketoses are designated by adding "ulose" to the name of their corresponding aldose. (e.g., D-ribulose is a ketopentose corresponding to D-ribose).
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