Bio 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Bio 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology I

• Course taught by Professor Rebecka Zepeda
• Focuses on human anatomy and physiology

Orientation to the Human Body

• Based on lecture notes from Bio 32 (Newton 2020)
• Material is summarized from Marieb & Hoehn, 2020, (7th Edition) unless otherwise noted

Lecture Objectives

• Define anatomy and physiology and their relationship
• Name the levels of structural organization in the human body and explain their connection
• Name the 11 organ systems and their major functions
• Explain essential human bodily functions and needs
• Define homeostasis and its role in health
• Define negative and positive feedback mechanisms
• Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalances and diseases
• Correctly use anatomical language to describe directions, surfaces, and body planes/sections
• Locate major body cavities and their membranes, regions, and quadrants

Key Terms

• Anatomy: Study of body structure, including shape
• Physiology: Study of body function

Anatomy + Physiology

• Structure determines function
• Physiology is the study of healthy function
• Pathology studies structural changes leading to disease
• Pathophysiology describes the function and symptoms of diseased organs
• Example: How many chambers does the heart have? How does changing a structure affect its function?

Red Blood Cell

• Structure: Biconcave, no nucleus, hemoglobin
• Function: Transports oxygen
• If form is changed, does function also change?

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross (Macroscopic): Study of large, visible structures (regional, systemic, surface anatomy); methods include dissection, endoscopy, and imaging (X-rays, MRIs)
• Microscopic: Study of smaller structures needing a microscope (cytology, histology)
• Developmental: Study of structural changes over the lifespan (embryology)
• Physiology: Divisions include renal, neuro, and cardiovascular physiology

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemicals (atoms form molecules)
• Organelles (molecules assemble in complex structures)
• Cells (fundamental units of life)
• Tissues (similar cells working together)
• Organs (different tissues combine to form complex structures)
• Organ systems (multiple organs working collaboratively)
• Organism (entire living being from the individual systems)

Organ Systems

• Immune/lymphatic
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Muscular
• Urinary
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
• Cardiovascular

Immune/Lymphatic System

• Returns leaked fluid from blood vessels to the blood
• Cleanses blood, removing debris and toxins
• Stores white blood cells
• Attacks and fights foreign matter/substances (immune)
• Behavior and social interactions are affected.

Nervous System

• Body's control system, responds to internal/external changes
• Activating muscles and glands carries out responses.

Endocrine System

• Secretes hormones, chemical messengers regulating (processes)
• Examples: metabolic rate, BP, stress response, reproduction, blood sugar

Reproductive System

• Offspring production from (either sex)
• Fertilization occurs
• Fetal development
• Newborn nourishment

Respiratory System

• Supplies the body with oxygen
• Removes waste (Carbon Dioxide)

Digestive System

• Breaks down food
• Absorbs nutrients and water
• Delivers nutrients to tissues/organs via blood
• Eliminates waste

Muscular System

• Contractile function for body movement, facial expressions, and maintaining posture.
• Generates heat in the body

Urinary System

• Removes waste from bodily processes (urine).
• Regulates blood water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance

Skeletal System

• Provides support, protection, and framework for muscles.
• Stores minerals
• Produces blood cells

Integumentary System

• External covering: skin, hair, and nails
• Provides cushion.
• Protects underlying tissues
• Produces Vitamin D
• Detects sensory input (pain, pressure)
• Regulates temperature
• Secretes fluids (sweat, oils/oils)

Cardiovascular System

• Pumps blood throughout the body.
• Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste products via blood vessels.

Maintaining Life

• Eight critical functions
• Maintaining boundaries (inside from outside)
• Movement
• Responsiveness (to stimuli in the environment)
• Digestion (breaking down food into simpler molecules and delivery)
• Metabolism (chemical reactions)
• Excretion (removing waste)
• Reproduction
• Growth (cell production)

Survival Needs

• Nutrients (energy and cell building)
• Oxygen
• Water (60-80% body weight)
• Normal body temperature (for proper protein function)
• Normal atmospheric pressure (for gas exchange)

Homeostasis

• Maintains stable internal environment regardless of external changes
• State of equilibrium or balance
• Communication is very important (nervous and endocrine systems)
• Control systems (nervous – fast, endocrine – slow)

Maintaining Homeostasis

• Body communication by neuronal and hormonal control systems:
• Receptor (detects changes/stimuli)
• Control center (receives information, determines set point)
• Effector (muscles or glands to effect response)

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative: Most homeostatic mechanisms; shuts off or reduces stimulus intensity (heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, etc.)
• Positive: Amplifies stimuli (blood clotting, birth, sexual response)
• These Mechanisms are critical for maintaining homeostasis and well-being.

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Dorsal cavity: Houses brain and spinal cord (cranial, spinal cavities)
• Ventral cavity: Contains internal organs (thoracic - lungs, heart, etc., and abdominopelvic - digestive, reproductive, and urinary organs).
• Serous membranes: Line cavities and cover organs, producing lubricating serous fluid.

Other Body Cavities (list)

• Oral cavity
• Digestive tract
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavity
• Middle ear
• Synovial joints

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants (Medical or Anatomist use)

• These are used to describe specific anatomical locations.