Bio 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Bio 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology I

• Course taught by Professor Rebecka Zepeda
• Focuses on human anatomy and physiology

Orientation to the Human Body

• Based on lecture notes from Bio 32 (Newton 2020)
• Material is summarized from Marieb & Hoehn, 2020, (7th Edition) unless otherwise noted

Lecture Objectives

• Define anatomy and physiology and their relationship
• Name the levels of structural organization in the human body and explain their connection
• Name the 11 organ systems and their major functions
• Explain essential human bodily functions and needs
• Define homeostasis and its role in health
• Define negative and positive feedback mechanisms
• Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalances and diseases
• Correctly use anatomical language to describe directions, surfaces, and body planes/sections
• Locate major body cavities and their membranes, regions, and quadrants

Key Terms

• Anatomy: Study of body structure, including shape
• Physiology: Study of body function

Anatomy + Physiology

• Structure determines function
• Physiology is the study of healthy function
• Pathology studies structural changes leading to disease
• Pathophysiology describes the function and symptoms of diseased organs
• Example: How many chambers does the heart have? How does changing a structure affect its function?

Red Blood Cell

• Structure: Biconcave, no nucleus, hemoglobin
• Function: Transports oxygen
• If form is changed, does function also change?

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross (Macroscopic): Study of large, visible structures (regional, systemic, surface anatomy); methods include dissection, endoscopy, and imaging (X-rays, MRIs)
• Microscopic: Study of smaller structures needing a microscope (cytology, histology)
• Developmental: Study of structural changes over the lifespan (embryology)
• Physiology: Divisions include renal, neuro, and cardiovascular physiology

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemicals (atoms form molecules)
• Organelles (molecules assemble in complex structures)
• Cells (fundamental units of life)
• Tissues (similar cells working together)
• Organs (different tissues combine to form complex structures)
• Organ systems (multiple organs working collaboratively)
• Organism (entire living being from the individual systems)

Organ Systems

• Immune/lymphatic
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Muscular
• Urinary
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
• Cardiovascular

Immune/Lymphatic System

• Returns leaked fluid from blood vessels to the blood
• Cleanses blood, removing debris and toxins
• Stores white blood cells
• Attacks and fights foreign matter/substances (immune)
• Behavior and social interactions are affected.

Nervous System

• Body's control system, responds to internal/external changes
• Activating muscles and glands carries out responses.

Endocrine System

• Secretes hormones, chemical messengers regulating (processes)
• Examples: metabolic rate, BP, stress response, reproduction, blood sugar

Reproductive System

• Offspring production from (either sex)
• Fertilization occurs
• Fetal development
• Newborn nourishment

Respiratory System

• Supplies the body with oxygen
• Removes waste (Carbon Dioxide)

Digestive System

• Breaks down food
• Absorbs nutrients and water
• Delivers nutrients to tissues/organs via blood
• Eliminates waste

Muscular System

• Contractile function for body movement, facial expressions, and maintaining posture.
• Generates heat in the body

Urinary System

• Removes waste from bodily processes (urine).
• Regulates blood water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance

Skeletal System

• Provides support, protection, and framework for muscles.
• Stores minerals
• Produces blood cells

Integumentary System

• External covering: skin, hair, and nails
• Provides cushion.
• Protects underlying tissues
• Produces Vitamin D
• Detects sensory input (pain, pressure)
• Regulates temperature
• Secretes fluids (sweat, oils/oils)

Cardiovascular System

• Pumps blood throughout the body.
• Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste products via blood vessels.

Maintaining Life

• Eight critical functions
• Maintaining boundaries (inside from outside)
• Movement
• Responsiveness (to stimuli in the environment)
• Digestion (breaking down food into simpler molecules and delivery)
• Metabolism (chemical reactions)
• Excretion (removing waste)
• Reproduction
• Growth (cell production)

Survival Needs

• Nutrients (energy and cell building)
• Oxygen
• Water (60-80% body weight)
• Normal body temperature (for proper protein function)
• Normal atmospheric pressure (for gas exchange)

Homeostasis

• Maintains stable internal environment regardless of external changes
• State of equilibrium or balance
• Communication is very important (nervous and endocrine systems)
• Control systems (nervous – fast, endocrine – slow)

Maintaining Homeostasis

• Body communication by neuronal and hormonal control systems:
• Receptor (detects changes/stimuli)
• Control center (receives information, determines set point)
• Effector (muscles or glands to effect response)

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative: Most homeostatic mechanisms; shuts off or reduces stimulus intensity (heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, etc.)
• Positive: Amplifies stimuli (blood clotting, birth, sexual response)
• These Mechanisms are critical for maintaining homeostasis and well-being.

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Dorsal cavity: Houses brain and spinal cord (cranial, spinal cavities)
• Ventral cavity: Contains internal organs (thoracic - lungs, heart, etc., and abdominopelvic - digestive, reproductive, and urinary organs).
• Serous membranes: Line cavities and cover organs, producing lubricating serous fluid.

Other Body Cavities (list)

• Oral cavity
• Digestive tract
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavity
• Middle ear
• Synovial joints

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants (Medical or Anatomist use)

• These are used to describe specific anatomical locations.

This quiz covers key concepts from Bio 32, focusing on human anatomy and physiology. Topics include the levels of structural organization, organ systems' functions, and homeostasis. It is based on lecture notes and essential readings for a comprehensive understanding of the human body.