Questions and Answers
What is the polypeptide synthesized from the DNA template strand AATACGGCC using one-letter amino acid abbreviations?
LCR
What is the relationship between chromatids A, B, C, and D?
Define a Nucleosome, Histones, Scaffold protein, Chromatin, Centromere, Replicated Chromosomes, and Sister chromatids.
Nucleosome: Basic unit of DNA packaging; Histones: Proteins that package and order DNA; Scaffold protein: Provides structural support during chromatin organization; Chromatin: Combination of DNA and proteins; Centromere: Region where sister chromatids attach; Replicated Chromosomes: Duplicated chromosomes; Sister chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome.
Arrange the following structures from smallest to largest: Chromosome, Cell, Nucleotide, Nucleosome, Chromatid, Chromatin.
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What is the likely effect of a point mutation in the start codon?
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How many amino acids will be in the polypeptide chain if the first 'A' in the mRNA sequence A A A G C A G U A C U A is replaced with a 'U'?
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Describe what happens in each phase: S, G2, Mitosis, G1 phase.
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Where in the cell cycle is DNA polymerase most active?
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Arrange the following parts of eukaryotic gene expression in chronological order: Transcription elongation occurs, mRNA is produced, Functional protein appears, Translation occurs, Gene is found, Transcription is initiated, Introns are removed.
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What is the complementary RNA strand created from the DNA template strand AATACGGCC?
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Where are the introns and exons located in relation to the mRNA cap and Poly A tail?
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What would be the nucleotide sequence of the daughter strand of DNA given the parental strand AACTGGCATCGACTAGGG?
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If a cell in early interphase has 10 chromosomes, how many chromatids will it have during prophase?
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Which statements are true regarding chromatid separation during meiosis?
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Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a population?
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What is the phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split?
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What does 1n represent in genetics?
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What process converts the mRNA 'message' into a sequence of amino acids?
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The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which RNA strand?
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In a 'frameshift' mutation, what occurs?
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What is the process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell?
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Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell's DNA __________ and then dividing __________.
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What are the two main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
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What is the chromosomal designation for a human female?
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When DNA replicates, what occurs?
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A tRNA molecule is 'bilingual' because it binds to?
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In eukaryotic cells, sequences of mRNA removed before translation are called?
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What is the chromosomal designation for a human male?
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Meiosis is a process that produces?
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Study Notes
DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis
- DNA sequence AATACGGCC encodes a polypeptide, with the amino acid sequence represented by one-letter abbreviations (e.g., S for serine).
Chromatids Relationship
- Chromatids A and B are identical; chromatids C and D are also identical, indicating the concept of sister chromatids.
Key Definitions in Genetics
- Nucleosome: DNA wrapped around histone proteins, forming the basic unit of chromatin structure.
- Histones: Proteins that help package DNA into nucleosomes.
- Scaffold Protein: Proteins that assist in organizing chromatin within the nucleus.
- Chromatin: Complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes in the nucleus.
- Centromere: Region where sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division.
- Replicated Chromosome: Chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids.
- Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome, formed after DNA replication.
Hierarchical Organization of Genetic Material
- Smallest to largest: Nucleotide, Nucleosome, Chromatin, Chromatid, Chromosome, Cell.
Effects of Gene Mutations
- Mutations can change protein length or sequence:
- Point mutation in start codon: Results in no protein produced.
- Point mutation in stop codon: Can lead to longer proteins.
- Insertions/Deletions: Can create shorter proteins or keep the size but change sequence.
Amino Acid Count from mRNA
- Substitution mutation in mRNA sequence results in no amino acids due to premature termination.
Phases of Cell Cycle
- S Phase: DNA replication occurs.
- G2 Phase: Cell undergoes additional growth and prepares for division.
- Mitosis: Involves stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- G1 Phase: Period of normal cell function and growth.
DNA Polymerase Activity
- Most active during the S phase of the cell cycle for DNA replication.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Eukaryotic gene expression follows a sequence:
- Gene identified, transcription initiated, transcription elongation, mRNA production, introns removed, translation, functional protein expressed.
RNA Complementarity
- DNA strand AATACGGCC is transcribed to complementary RNA strand UUAUGCCGG.
mRNA Structure
- Exons are at the ends of mRNA; introns are located in between, removed during processing.
DNA Daughter Strand Formation
- Given parental strand AACTGGCATCGACTAGGG, daughter strand sequenced as TTGACCGTAGCTGATCCC.
Chromatid Count in Cell Division
- A cell with 10 chromosomes in interphase will have 20 chromatids during prophase.
Meiosis Statements
- Correct statements about meiosis: Chromatid A separates from B during anaphase II, homologous chromosomes align in metaphase I, and separate during meiosis I.
Genetic Variability in Sexual Reproduction
- Genetic variability arises as offspring represent a genetic mix from both parents.
Mitosis Phases
- Anaphase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids.
Chromosomal Terminology
- '1n' refers to haploid cells containing one set of chromosomes.
Translation Process
- Translation converts mRNA into amino acid sequences, resulting in protein synthesis.
RNA Strand Pairing
- DNA sequence ATGCATGC pairs with RNA strand UACGUACG.
Frameshift Mutation
- Defined as a mutation caused by addition or deletion of nucleotides, resulting in altered amino acid sequences.
Fertilization Definition
- The process where a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, resulting in fertilization.
Mitosis Replication Process
- Mitosis involves one replication of DNA followed by a single division of the cell.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Stages
- Two main stages are interphase (cell growth) and mitosis (cell division).
Human Chromosomal Designation
- Female chromosomal designation is XX; male designation is XY.
DNA Replication Outcome
- Each daughter DNA molecule contains one original (parental) strand.
tRNA Functionality
- tRNA binds to both codons of mRNA and corresponding amino acids, facilitating translation.
Introns in Eukaryotic Cells
- Introns are non-coding sections of mRNA that are removed prior to translation.
Meiosis Result
- Meiosis produces haploid gametes, which include sperm and egg cells, enhancing genetic diversity.
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Test your knowledge on DNA synthesis and chromosome relationships with these flashcards from BIO 213. These concepts are essential for understanding molecular biology and genetics. Enhance your learning experience as you prepare for your exams with these targeted flashcards.
