BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the tumor suppressor p53 in cells?

  • Stops cells from dividing when there are issues (correct)
  • Increases the activity of ras oncogene
  • Acts as an oncogene to stimulate cancer progression
  • Promotes cell growth under all conditions

Which of the following accurately describes proto-oncogenes?

  • They normally help prevent cell growth.
  • They promote normal cell growth but can become oncogenes upon mutation. (correct)
  • They only function as tumor suppressors.
  • They are always expressed in all cell types.

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

  • RNA serves as the sole genetic material in all organisms.
  • RNA transcribes into DNA and then to protein.
  • DNA translates into RNA, and RNA translates into protein. (correct)
  • DNA replicates into itself without producing RNA.

In terms of DNA packaging, which statement correctly contrasts bacterial and eukaryotic DNA?

<p>Eukaryotic DNA is packaged with histones, while bacterial DNA is not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key terminology associated with DNA replication?

<p>Transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be observed if protein were the genetic material in the described experiment?

<p>Protease would not transform bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism requires cell-to-cell contact among bacteria?

<p>Conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a virus in the transduction process?

<p>To deliver genetic material from one bacterium to another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the bacterial cell is RNA produced?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding transformation is true?

<p>It can occur without direct contact between bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you include as a control in an experiment to identify the mechanism of gene transfer?

<p>Including heat-killed bacteria as a control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of gene expression is RNA synthesized?

<p>Transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of gene transfer among bacteria?

<p>Gene splicing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of epigenetic regulation?

<p>It modifies gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of DNA methylation on gene expression?

<p>It typically decreases gene expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals?

<p>X-chromosome inactivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a key determinant of sex in mammals?

<p>The ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosome rearrangement is most often associated with the evolution of new gene families?

<p>Duplication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a missense mutation?

<p>It changes an amino acid in a protein sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by the conversion of a codon into a stop codon?

<p>Nonsense mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly induces mutations in DNA?

<p>Viruses integrating DNA into host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which cellular process do most mutations arise?

<p>DNA replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proto-oncogenes play in the regulation of the cell cycle?

<p>They can stimulate cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about tumor suppressor genes?

<p>They help in maintaining cell cycle checkpoints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct consequence of a frameshift mutation?

<p>Disruption of the reading frame, leading to incorrect protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors relate to mutation rates?

<p>They can significantly increase mutation rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of inheritance is characterized by traits passing predominantly from fathers to daughters and not to sons?

<p>X-linked dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between gene distance and crossing over?

<p>Increased distance typically leads to increased recombination frequency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gene conservation across species refer to?

<p>The preservation of function and DNA sequence of genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type corresponds to the genotype 'ii'?

<p>Type O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the CRISPR-Cas9 system, what function does CRISPR serve in bacterial cells?

<p>It stores RNA sequences of viruses for defense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected recombination frequency between two genes that are closely located on the same chromosome?

<p>Low recombination frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ABO blood types can be produced by the genotype 'IAIB'?

<p>Type AB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does epistasis affect the inheritance of ABO blood types?

<p>It allows for multiple phenotypes depending on various gene interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one social impact of the human genome project related to ethics?

<p>Concerns about discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Meiosis I involves crossing over, whereas meiosis II does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Mendelian principle explains how alleles segregate during gamete formation?

<p>Segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?

<p>Metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes proto-oncogenes in their normal state?

<p>They can mutate into oncogenes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of independent assortment state?

<p>Genes for different traits segregate independently of one another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tumor suppressors in the cell cycle?

<p>To inhibit uncontrolled cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacterial Gene Transfer Mechanisms

Bacteria exchange genetic material through transduction, conjugation, and transformation.

Bacterial Transformation

Bacteria take up free, foreign DNA from the environment.

Bacterial Conjugation

Direct transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that are in contact.

Bacterial Transduction

Transfer of genetic material by a virus.

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Transcription Start

Transcription starts with the first nucleotide in a given strand

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Bacterial Transcription Location

In bacteria, transcription happens in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotes, it happens in the nucleus

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Minimal Medium Colonies

Bacterial colonies growing on minimal media indicate a successful genetic transfer event.

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Experiment Design (Genetic Transfer)

Experiments to identify the type of genetic transfer (transformation, conjugation, or transduction) involve carefully controlling factors like source and recipient bacteria to test individual hypotheses.

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Central Dogma

DNA's instructions are used to create RNA, which creates proteins.

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Genetic Material

DNA is the primary genetic material, but some organisms use RNA.

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DNA Packaging

DNA is packed differently in bacteria and eukaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA uses histones and nucleosomes, while prokaryotic DNA is supercoiled.

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Replication similarities/differences

DNA replication in bacteria, eukaryotes, and PCR share some steps but differ in specifics, especially in enzyme names and mechanisms of unwinding DNA.

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Cell DNA vs RNA/protein

All cells have similar DNA, but different cells produce different RNA and proteins, determining their functions.

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Epigenetics definition

Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated without changing the underlying DNA sequence.

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DNA Methylation effect on gene expression

DNA methylation typically decreases gene expression by adding methyl groups to DNA.

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X-chromosome inactivation location

X-chromosome inactivation is a process in females where one X chromosome is turned off.

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Mammalian sex determination key gene

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome is the key gene determining maleness in mammals.

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Chromosome mutation type for new genes

Gene duplication, usually from a type of chromosome rearrangement (e.g., a duplicative translocation), is most likely to contribute to the evolution of new gene families.

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Missense Mutation

A single nucleotide change in DNA that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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Nonsense Mutation

A single nucleotide change that converts a codon into a stop codon, prematurely terminating protein synthesis.

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Frameshift Mutation

An insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame, altering the amino acid sequence downstream from the mutation.

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Mutations Occur Randomly

Mutations arise by chance during DNA replication, not as a result of selective pressure.

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Environmental Factors Inducing Mutations

UV radiation, chemicals, and viruses can increase the frequency of mutations.

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Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that regulate cell growth and division. When mutated, they become oncogenes.

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Oncogenes

Mutated proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth and division.

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Tumor Suppressors

Genes that normally inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis (programmed cell death). Mutations in these genes can lead to cancer.

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X-linked recessive inheritance

A trait passed down through the X chromosome, affecting primarily males. Females are carriers, passing the trait to sons.

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X-linked dominant inheritance

A trait passed down through the X chromosome, affecting both males and females. Females are more likely to be affected, and they can pass it to daughters but not sons.

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Epistasis in ABO blood type

Epistasis, the interaction of genes, influences ABO blood type. The H/h gene determines whether the antigen can be present on the red blood cell surface, while the IA/IB/i gene determines the type of antigen. Both genes must function for a blood type to be expressed. If the H gene is recessive (hh), the person will have type O blood regardless of the IA/IB/i genotype.

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Gene distance

The distance between genes on a chromosome, measured by recombination frequency. This frequency reflects the likelihood of crossing over occurring between those genes.

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Gene conservation

The preservation of genes across different species over evolutionary time. Similar DNA sequences and functions indicate shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

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CRISPR-Cas9 system

A bacterial immune system that uses CRISPR sequences to identify and destroy invading viral DNA. The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors, cutting the viral DNA.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a natural and controlled process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.

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What is the role of oncogenes in cancer?

Oncogenes are mutated or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes. They promote cell division and growth, contributing to the development and progression of cancer.

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What is the role of tumor suppressors in cancer?

Tumor suppressors are genes that normally inhibit cell division. Mutations or deletions in these genes can contribute to cancer by removing the brakes on cell growth.

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Meiosis I vs Meiosis II

Meiosis I is the reduction division, where homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells. Meiosis II is the equational division, where sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid gametes.

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Mendel's Principle of Segregation

Each organism has two alleles for each trait, and these alleles separate during gamete formation, with each gamete receiving only one allele.

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Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment

Alleles for different traits segregate independently of each other during gamete formation.

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Study Notes

BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide

  • Final Exam: Worth 11% of grade, cumulative, individual, taken at 2pm on Monday Dec 9 using Lockdown Browser in the Biosciences classroom. Makeup exams are possible for illness, but need pre-arranged agreement with the instructor.

  • Exam Format: Two parts:

    • Section A: 6 short answer questions, 3 will be on the exam.
    • Section B: 30-35 multiple choice questions, covering topics and key terminology.

Part A: Potential Short Answer Questions

  • Question 1: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment

    • Experiment Details: The experiment used different enzymes (RNAse, DNAse, protease), different types of bacteria (virulent/smooth vs. avirulent/rough, live vs. heat-killed), to determine the transforming principle.
    • Purpose: To identify the molecule responsible for transforming non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria. This was determining if DNA, RNA or protein was the genetic material.
    • Experiment Design (Treatments): Included heat-killed smooth bacteria (IIIS) that was used to transform rough bacteria (IIR). Also used live cells and various treatments using specific enzymes that were used in order to identify the mechanism by which the bacteria were transformed.
    • Positive/Negative Controls: Positive control is bacteria where transformation occured successfully. A negative control is bacteria where there should not be transformation of genetic material.. This was not applicable.
    • Results and Interpretation: The experiment showed that DNA was responsible for the transformation. If protein was the genetic material, the results would have been different.

  • Question 2: Gene Transfer in Bacteria

    • There are three ways to transfer genetic material via
    • Transformation: bacteria take up DNA from the environment.
    • Transduction: viruses carry DNA from one bacterium to another.
    • Conjugation: direct transfer of DNA between bacteria through a pilus.

  • Cell-cell contact is required for conjugation, but not for transformation or transduction.

Part B: Topics/Questions for Multiple Choice

  • Relationship Between Cell Location and Gene Expression: DNA is present in all cells, but cells express different genes.
  • Genetic Material: DNA is the genetic material in most cases, but not viruses. There are exceptions for certain viruses.
  • Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Protein
  • DNA Packaging: Bacterial DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleoid, compared to eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is tightly packaged using nucleosomes (histones).
  • Replication: Similarities and Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic replication in terms of the steps involved in both types of processes
  • Transcription: Similarities and Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription.
  • Gene Expression Regulation: In eukaryotes and bacteria.
  • Epigenetics: Epigenetics changes to the expression of genes, which may include histone modification changes or DNA methylation without changing the base sequence of the genetic code.
  • Sex Determination: In mammals and fruit flies
  • Chromosome rearrangements
  • Mutations: Missense, nonsense, silent, frameshift, loss-of-function, and gain-of-function mutations and how they affect amino acids.
  • Amino Acids from mRNA: Usage of the genetic code to determine amino acids corresponding to a given mRNA sequence.
  • Bacteriophages: Life cycle and genetic information exchange methods.
  • CRISPR-Cas9: Function in bacterial cells.
  • Bacterial vs. Eukaryotic DNA packaging: Differences in DNA organization. Details include how bacterial DNA and packaging differ from eukaryotic dna organization.
  • Chromosome Mutations: Various types involve and effects of these mutations.

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BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

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Prepare for your BIO 211 final exam with this comprehensive study guide. This guide covers key topics and terminology, including the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment. Gain confidence in answering both short answer and multiple-choice questions to ensure success on exam day.

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