BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the role of the tumor suppressor p53 in cells?

  • Stops cells from dividing when there are issues (correct)
  • Increases the activity of ras oncogene
  • Acts as an oncogene to stimulate cancer progression
  • Promotes cell growth under all conditions

    • Which of the following accurately describes proto-oncogenes?

  • They normally help prevent cell growth.
  • They promote normal cell growth but can become oncogenes upon mutation. (correct)
  • They only function as tumor suppressors.
  • They are always expressed in all cell types.

    • What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

  • RNA serves as the sole genetic material in all organisms.
  • RNA transcribes into DNA and then to protein.
  • DNA translates into RNA, and RNA translates into protein. (correct)
  • DNA replicates into itself without producing RNA.

    • In terms of DNA packaging, which statement correctly contrasts bacterial and eukaryotic DNA?

    <p>Eukaryotic DNA is packaged with histones, while bacterial DNA is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key terminology associated with DNA replication?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be observed if protein were the genetic material in the described experiment?

    <p>Protease would not transform bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism requires cell-to-cell contact among bacteria?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virus in the transduction process?

    <p>To deliver genetic material from one bacterium to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the bacterial cell is RNA produced?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding transformation is true?

    <p>It can occur without direct contact between bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you include as a control in an experiment to identify the mechanism of gene transfer?

    <p>Including heat-killed bacteria as a control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of gene expression is RNA synthesized?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of gene transfer among bacteria?

    <p>Gene splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of epigenetic regulation?

    <p>It modifies gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of DNA methylation on gene expression?

    <p>It typically decreases gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals?

    <p>X-chromosome inactivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a key determinant of sex in mammals?

    <p>The ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosome rearrangement is most often associated with the evolution of new gene families?

    <p>Duplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a missense mutation?

    <p>It changes an amino acid in a protein sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is characterized by the conversion of a codon into a stop codon?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly induces mutations in DNA?

    <p>Viruses integrating DNA into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which cellular process do most mutations arise?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proto-oncogenes play in the regulation of the cell cycle?

    <p>They can stimulate cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>They help in maintaining cell cycle checkpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct consequence of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>Disruption of the reading frame, leading to incorrect protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do environmental factors relate to mutation rates?

    <p>They can significantly increase mutation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of inheritance is characterized by traits passing predominantly from fathers to daughters and not to sons?

    <p>X-linked dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between gene distance and crossing over?

    <p>Increased distance typically leads to increased recombination frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gene conservation across species refer to?

    <p>The preservation of function and DNA sequence of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type corresponds to the genotype 'ii'?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the CRISPR-Cas9 system, what function does CRISPR serve in bacterial cells?

    <p>It stores RNA sequences of viruses for defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected recombination frequency between two genes that are closely located on the same chromosome?

    <p>Low recombination frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ABO blood types can be produced by the genotype 'IAIB'?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does epistasis affect the inheritance of ABO blood types?

    <p>It allows for multiple phenotypes depending on various gene interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one social impact of the human genome project related to ethics?

    <p>Concerns about discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

    <p>Meiosis I involves crossing over, whereas meiosis II does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mendelian principle explains how alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes proto-oncogenes in their normal state?

    <p>They can mutate into oncogenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of independent assortment state?

    <p>Genes for different traits segregate independently of one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tumor suppressors in the cell cycle?

    <p>To inhibit uncontrolled cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide

    • Final Exam: Worth 11% of grade, cumulative, individual, taken at 2pm on Monday Dec 9 using Lockdown Browser in the Biosciences classroom. Makeup exams are possible for illness, but need pre-arranged agreement with the instructor.

    • Exam Format: Two parts:

      • Section A: 6 short answer questions, 3 will be on the exam.
      • Section B: 30-35 multiple choice questions, covering topics and key terminology.

    Part A: Potential Short Answer Questions

    • Question 1: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment

      • Experiment Details: The experiment used different enzymes (RNAse, DNAse, protease), different types of bacteria (virulent/smooth vs. avirulent/rough, live vs. heat-killed), to determine the transforming principle.
      • Purpose: To identify the molecule responsible for transforming non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria. This was determining if DNA, RNA or protein was the genetic material.
      • Experiment Design (Treatments): Included heat-killed smooth bacteria (IIIS) that was used to transform rough bacteria (IIR). Also used live cells and various treatments using specific enzymes that were used in order to identify the mechanism by which the bacteria were transformed.
      • Positive/Negative Controls: Positive control is bacteria where transformation occured successfully. A negative control is bacteria where there should not be transformation of genetic material.. This was not applicable.
      • Results and Interpretation: The experiment showed that DNA was responsible for the transformation. If protein was the genetic material, the results would have been different.

    • Question 2: Gene Transfer in Bacteria

      • There are three ways to transfer genetic material via
      • Transformation: bacteria take up DNA from the environment.
      • Transduction: viruses carry DNA from one bacterium to another.
      • Conjugation: direct transfer of DNA between bacteria through a pilus.

    • Cell-cell contact is required for conjugation, but not for transformation or transduction.

    Part B: Topics/Questions for Multiple Choice

    • Relationship Between Cell Location and Gene Expression: DNA is present in all cells, but cells express different genes.
    • Genetic Material: DNA is the genetic material in most cases, but not viruses. There are exceptions for certain viruses.
    • Central Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Protein
    • DNA Packaging: Bacterial DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleoid, compared to eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is tightly packaged using nucleosomes (histones).
    • Replication: Similarities and Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic replication in terms of the steps involved in both types of processes
    • Transcription: Similarities and Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription.
    • Gene Expression Regulation: In eukaryotes and bacteria.
    • Epigenetics: Epigenetics changes to the expression of genes, which may include histone modification changes or DNA methylation without changing the base sequence of the genetic code.
    • Sex Determination: In mammals and fruit flies
    • Chromosome rearrangements
    • Mutations: Missense, nonsense, silent, frameshift, loss-of-function, and gain-of-function mutations and how they affect amino acids.
    • Amino Acids from mRNA: Usage of the genetic code to determine amino acids corresponding to a given mRNA sequence.
    • Bacteriophages: Life cycle and genetic information exchange methods.
    • CRISPR-Cas9: Function in bacterial cells.
    • Bacterial vs. Eukaryotic DNA packaging: Differences in DNA organization. Details include how bacterial DNA and packaging differ from eukaryotic dna organization.
    • Chromosome Mutations: Various types involve and effects of these mutations.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BIO 211 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your BIO 211 final exam with this comprehensive study guide. This guide covers key topics and terminology, including the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment. Gain confidence in answering both short answer and multiple-choice questions to ensure success on exam day.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser