Questions and Answers
Which of these are types of organic macromolecules? (Select all that apply)
What are the building blocks of organic macromolecules called?
Monomers
What is the process called that synthesizes organic polymers?
Condensation reactions
What is the term for the breakdown of organic polymers?
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What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
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What are the four important types of lipids found in cells?
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Saturated fatty acids form liquids at room temperature.
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Which functional group is associated with fatty acids?
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What are the four types of organic macromolecules?
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What are the building blocks of organic macromolecules called?
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Condensation reactions yield a single molecule of water.
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Hydrolysis reactions use a single molecule of water to break down organic polymers.
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What is a fatty acid?
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Which type of fatty acid has one or more double covalent bonds?
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What happens to the structure of saturated fatty acids at room temperature?
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What type of lipid is primarily involved in the formation of cell membranes?
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Study Notes
Overview of Organic Macromolecules
- Living organisms consist of four main types of carbon-based macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Each macromolecule type has unique structures and functions relevant to biological processes.
Structure of Macromolecules
- Organic macromolecules are polymers made from smaller subunits called monomers.
- Monomers are linked through covalent bonds during synthesis, forming larger complex structures.
Macromolecule Reactions
-
Condensation Reactions:
- Combine monomers to form polymers.
- Release a molecule of water during the process, often called dehydration synthesis.
-
Hydrolysis Reactions:
- Break down polymers by severing covalent bonds linking monomers.
- Utilize a molecule of water to split the large molecule into its monomeric parts.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
- Lipids are carbon-containing molecules that are predominantly nonpolar and hydrophobic, mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen.
- Fatty acids serve as building blocks of lipids, characterized by a hydrocarbon chain associated with a carboxylic acid functional group.
- Fatty acids typically contain an even number of carbon atoms, synthesized by linking two-carbon acetyl groups.
Saturation in Fatty Acids
-
Saturation indicates the number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms in fatty acids.
-
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in kinks that affect flexibility and overall structure.
-
Examples:
- Stearic Acid: Fully saturated 18-carbon fatty acid, no double bonds.
- Oleic Acid: Monounsaturated 18-carbon fatty acid, containing one double bond.
Properties of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Saturated fatty acids are linear and can pack closely together, often forming solid structures at room temperature.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks from double bonds preventing close packing, affecting their physical properties.
Types of Lipids
- Cellular lipids exhibit diverse structures and functions, with four significant types:
- Fats (Triglycerides): Energy storage molecules.
- Phospholipids: Major components of cell membranes.
- Steroids: Function as hormones and structural components.
- Waxes: Provide waterproofing and protection.
Overview of Organic Macromolecules
- Living organisms consist of four main types of carbon-based macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Each macromolecule type has unique structures and functions relevant to biological processes.
Structure of Macromolecules
- Organic macromolecules are polymers made from smaller subunits called monomers.
- Monomers are linked through covalent bonds during synthesis, forming larger complex structures.
Macromolecule Reactions
-
Condensation Reactions:
- Combine monomers to form polymers.
- Release a molecule of water during the process, often called dehydration synthesis.
-
Hydrolysis Reactions:
- Break down polymers by severing covalent bonds linking monomers.
- Utilize a molecule of water to split the large molecule into its monomeric parts.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
- Lipids are carbon-containing molecules that are predominantly nonpolar and hydrophobic, mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen.
- Fatty acids serve as building blocks of lipids, characterized by a hydrocarbon chain associated with a carboxylic acid functional group.
- Fatty acids typically contain an even number of carbon atoms, synthesized by linking two-carbon acetyl groups.
Saturation in Fatty Acids
-
Saturation indicates the number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms in fatty acids.
-
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in kinks that affect flexibility and overall structure.
-
Examples:
- Stearic Acid: Fully saturated 18-carbon fatty acid, no double bonds.
- Oleic Acid: Monounsaturated 18-carbon fatty acid, containing one double bond.
Properties of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Saturated fatty acids are linear and can pack closely together, often forming solid structures at room temperature.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks from double bonds preventing close packing, affecting their physical properties.
Types of Lipids
- Cellular lipids exhibit diverse structures and functions, with four significant types:
- Fats (Triglycerides): Energy storage molecules.
- Phospholipids: Major components of cell membranes.
- Steroids: Function as hormones and structural components.
- Waxes: Provide waterproofing and protection.
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Description
Test your understanding of biological macromolecules covered in BIO 181: General Biology I. This quiz aims to evaluate your knowledge about the composition and synthesis of key biological molecules. Prepare to explore essential topics in biochemistry and molecular biology.
