Biology Macromolecules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  • To synthesize ATP during cellular respiration
  • To facilitate photosynthesis in chloroplasts
  • To regulate the entry and exit of substances
  • To provide structural support and protection (correct)

Which stage of cellular respiration directly produces the most ATP?

  • Glycolysis
  • Electron Transport Chain (correct)
  • Fermentation
  • Krebs Cycle

What type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells?

  • Binary Fission
  • Mitosis (correct)
  • Budding
  • Meiosis

What occurs during prophase I of meiosis that increases genetic diversity?

<p>Crossing over (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fermentation is true?

<p>It can produce lactic acid or ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

<p>Serving as a primary source of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up nucleotides in nucleic acids?

<p>A phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule includes fats, oils, and steroids?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in which process?

<p>Protein synthesis and modification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Breaking down waste materials and cellular debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as the selectively permeable boundary of the cell?

<p>Plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the function of a protein?

<p>The type of amino acids present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is ATP?

The primary energy currency of the cell, storing energy in phosphate bonds. Hydrolysis (breaking) of ATP releases energy for cellular processes.

What is Cellular Respiration?

Process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP. Includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

What is Photosynthesis?

Process by which plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Happens in chloroplasts.

What is Mitosis?

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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What is Meiosis?

Type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells. Crucial for sexual reproduction. Involves two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). Crossing over occurs during prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.

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Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; serve as a primary source of energy and structural components; include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen; include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids; function in energy storage, cell membrane structure, and hormone production.

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Proteins

Complex polymers built from amino acids; crucial for structural support, enzymatic activity, transport, and defense; different structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) determine function.

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Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA); encode genetic information; DNA stores genetic information while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis; composed of nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

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Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell; a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell (selectively permeable).

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance that fills the cell; contains organelles and cytosol (fluid portion).

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Nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains DNA organized into chromosomes; surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores for transport; site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell; site of cellular respiration, producing ATP (energy); have their own DNA.

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Study Notes

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • They are a primary energy source and structural component.
  • Types include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
  • Examples: glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose.
  • Lipids are hydrophobic molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen.
  • They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • Functions include energy storage, cell membrane components, and hormone production.
  • Proteins are complex polymers formed from amino acids.
  • Crucial for structural support, enzymatic activity, transport, and defense.
  • Different protein structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) determine function.
  • Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, encoding genetic information.
  • DNA stores genetic information, RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.
  • Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides with a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.

Cell Structure and Function

  • The plasma membrane is the cell's outer boundary, a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
  • It regulates substance passage (selectively permeable).
  • Cytoplasm fills the cell, containing organelles and cytosol (fluid portion).
  • The nucleus is the control center, housing DNA organized into chromosomes.
  • It's surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores for transport.
  • DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur within the nucleus.
  • Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, sites of cellular respiration producing ATP (energy).
  • Mitochondria contain their own DNA.
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins, found in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes.
  • Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, is involved in protein synthesis and modification.
  • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
  • The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or internal cell use.
  • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down waste and cellular debris.
  • Vacuoles are storage sacs, especially prominent in plant cells, often filled with water.
  • The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments).
  • It provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and plays a role in intracellular transport.
  • The cell wall is a rigid outer layer in plant cells providing structural support and protection.

Cellular Energetics

  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the cell's primary energy currency, storing energy in phosphate bonds.
  • Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy for cellular processes.
  • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
  • It involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
  • Photosynthesis is the process where plants and certain organisms use sunlight to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
  • It occurs in chloroplasts.
  • Fermentation is an anaerobic process producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
  • Includes lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.

Cell Division

  • Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • It includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.
  • It involves two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
  • Crossing over during prophase I increases genetic diversity.
  • The cell cycle is the ordered sequence of events from cell formation to division.
  • It includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic (M) phase.
  • Regulation of cell division ensures appropriate rates and only when necessary.
  • Mutations in regulatory proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell division (cancer).

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