Bio 145 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

In a working tissue like skeletal muscle, carbon dioxide may accumulate along with an increase in lactic acid. What do carbon dioxide and lactic acid act as?

  • Vasodilators (correct)
  • Vasoconstrictors
  • Blood thinners
  • None of the above

What does the numerator (upper number) of the blood pressure ratio represent?

systolic pressure

When carbon dioxide accumulates in a tissue, local arterioles will _________, increasing perfusion and decreasing carbon dioxide levels.

dilate

What is the measure of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures called?

<p>pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased blood pressure will increase the heart rate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resistance in the blood vessels is primarily controlled by altering what?

<p>vessel radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange occur in both pulmonary and systemic circulation?

<p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of blood vessel wall composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells called?

<p>tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decreased plasma protein concentration causes an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries help form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) in the brain?

<p>Internal carotid arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies do NOT detect what?

<p>blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are chemoreceptors also located?

<p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the cross-sectional area of blood vessels increases, what happens to the velocity of blood flow?

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition caused by obstruction of lymphatic drainage?

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drains deoxygenated blood from the heart myocardium into the right atrium?

<p>coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that assists venous return?

<p>Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anastomosis of arteries within the brain equalizes blood pressure?

<p>cerebral arterial circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vasoconstriction have on blood flow and blood pressure?

<p>decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation?

<p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Circulatory System and Blood Vessels

  • Carbon dioxide and lactic acid act as vasodilators in working skeletal muscle, facilitating increased blood flow.
  • Systolic pressure is the upper number in the blood pressure ratio.
  • Resistance in blood vessels is mainly controlled by altering vessel radius.
  • Capillaries are composed solely of a tunica intima, allowing for efficient gas and nutrient exchange.
  • Increased tissue protein concentration can lead to edema by reducing osmotic pressure in capillaries.
  • Decreasing plasma protein levels also contribute to edema through lower osmotic pressure effects.

Blood Pressure Dynamics

  • Mean arterial pressure is calculated as diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic pressures).
  • Vasodilation increases blood flow and reduces blood pressure, while vasoconstriction decreases blood flow and elevates blood pressure.
  • Upon standing, blood pressure in the veins of the lower limbs increases due to gravitational effects.

Blood Circulation Specifics

  • Gas exchange occurs at capillaries in both pulmonary and systemic circulation.
  • Blood with low levels of proteins may decrease colloid osmotic pressure, affecting fluid reabsorption.
  • In pulmonary circulation, correct anatomical labeling is crucial for understanding flow dynamics.

Neural Regulation

  • Baroreceptors, located in the aorta and carotid arteries, monitor blood pressure and relay information to the brain via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
  • The main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation is pH level changes related to blood gas content.

Arteries and Circulation

  • The internal carotid arteries contribute to the formation of the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis), ensuring collateral blood flow in case of blockages.
  • The coronary sinus drains deoxygenated blood from the heart myocardium into the right atrium.
  • The anatomy of arteries, veins, and capillaries is essential in understanding blood circulation and pressure maintenance.

Factors Affecting Vascular Resistance

  • Long vessels, dehydration, polycythemia, and angiogenesis increase blood resistance.
  • Conversely, shorter vessels, anemia, and increased vessel diameter lower resistance, affecting overall blood flow.

Clinical Considerations

  • Central venous pressure must be higher than venule pressure for effective venous return.
  • Changes in position, such as moving from lying down to standing, can alter blood volume distribution and pressure in limbs.

Summary of Capillary Dynamics

  • Fluid reenters capillaries at the venous end due to higher net filtration pressure compared to the arterial end, highlighting mechanisms of nutrient and waste exchange.

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Test your knowledge in Bio 145 with these flashcards, covering important concepts like vasodilators and blood pressure ratios. This quiz will strengthen your understanding of key biological terms and their definitions, making it a great study aid for students.

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