BIO 110: Final Exam Review

BIO 110: Final Exam

• The exam is divided into five sections, each corresponding to a unit in the course.
• Each section contains four multiple-choice questions (worth 2 points each) and four short-answer questions (worth 4 points each).
• Students must answer all multiple-choice questions.
• Students should skip one short-answer question per section.
• Each section is worth 20 points.
• The entire exam is worth 100 points.

Section 1 - Principles of Life and Properties of Biomolecules

• Question 1: If a t-test yields a p-value of 0.02, it indicates a rejection of the null hypothesis.
• Question 2: Viruses possess the characteristic of utilizing energy for maintenance.
• Question 3: Non-essential amino acids are those that do not need to be obtained from the diet.
• Question 4: The temperature in an ecosystem is an abiotic factor.
• Question 5: Distinguishing between DNA and RNA is a required component of the study.
• Question 6: Species relatedness depends on taxonomic ranks like family, order; closer hierarchical relations denote more resemblance and evolutionary connection.
• Question 7: Polar molecules, due to uneven charge distribution, form hydrogen bonds.

Section 2 - Principles of Cell Biology

• Question 9: Chlorophylls do not absorb indigo light.
• Question 10: Bacterial cells are prokaryotic
• Question 11: Relative to an animal cell, fresh water is hypotonic.
• Question 12: Water moves from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration) during osmosis.
• Question 13: Active transport uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. This is required when concentration is low inside cell compared to outside cell, or vice-versa.

Section 3 - Metabolism and Photosynthesis

• Question 17: Rubisco catalyzes carbon fixation.
• Question 18: Entropy increases over time is a law of thermodynamics.
• Question 19: Factors like pH and temperature alter enzyme affinity.
• Question 20: Redox reactions entail electron transfer.
• Question 21: Humans require oxygen for cellular respiration's metabolic processes.
• Question 22: Plants release oxygen as a photosynthetic byproduct.

Section 4 - Genetic Processes

• Question 25: RNA transcription starts at the promoter region on a chromosome.
• Question 26: mRNA vaccines stem from relatively recent advances in biotechnology, responding to disease outbreaks.
• Question 27: The retained portions of the transcript following transcription are called exons.
• Question 28: Polypeptide chains are the product of translation.
• Question 29: Transmissible genetic material means it can be passed on.
• Question 30: Genetic variation within a population is crucial for survival and adaptation.
• Question 31: mRNA vaccines involve introducing mRNA to cause cell production of an antigen. Traditional vaccines involve injecting antigens.
• Question 32: Recombinant organisms have genetic material from different sources.

Section 5 - Genetic Inheritance

• Question 33: The observable traits of an organism are its phenotype.
• Question 34: Missense mutations alter amino acid sequence.
• Question 35: Homologous chromosomes have the same genes at the same loci, but alleles may differ.
• Question 36: Traits determined by genotype and not environment are heritable.
• Question 37: Mutations in checkpoint genes can cause uncontrolled cell growth—leading to cancer.
• Question 38: Genetic diseases can be caused by either dominant or recessive alleles; affected inheritance patterns depend on whether the defective gene is dominant and/or recessive.
• Question 39-40: Punnett squares are needed for these questions. Review how to construct and interpret Punnett squares for predicting offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Prepare for your BIO 110 final exam with this comprehensive review. The exam consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions covering key principles of life, biomolecules, and more. Test your knowledge and ensure you understand the essential concepts required for success in the course.