BIO 060/110: Practice Final Exam

Practice Final Exam - BIO 060/110

• This is a practice final exam for Concepts in Biology I (Inhabiting the Human Body)

Multiple Choice Questions

• The exam includes multiple choice questions covering topics 1-14 (Q1-Q30) and topics 15-19 (Q31-Q75).
• In an experiment with pregnant mice, a suitable control would be 20 pregnant mice injected with 1 mL of saline
• The correct classification sequence from largest to smallest is: kingdom, phylum, class, order, species
• A neutral solution has equal amounts of H+ and OH-

Atomic Number

• An atom's atomic number is best described as the number of protons it contains

Polysaccharides

• A polysaccharide is a polymer made of simple sugars

Nucleotides

• A nucleotide consists of phosphate, sugar, and a base

Glucose Concentration Gradient

• A concentration gradient of glucose across a membrane means there are more glucose molecules on one side than the other

Cell Structure and Function

• Chloroplasts are NOT the chief site of cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts are actually the site of photosynthesis

Molecules in Cells

• An animal cell contains Endoplasmic Reticulum; a bacterial cell does not

Enzymes

• Enzymes do not provide energy for the reactions they catalyze

Cellular Respiration

• The electron transport system reduces molecular oxygen to water in cellular respiration
• The correct order of main events in cellular respiration is: glycolysis, pyruvate enters mitochondrion, citric acid cycle, major ATP production, and electron transport

DNA

• The sequence of bases on one strand of DNA could determine: sequence of bases in mRNA, sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule and sequence of bases in the other DNA strand

Mitosis

• If a diploid parent cell undergoes mitosis, the result will be two diploid daughter cells

Chromosomes

• The haploid (n) number of chromosomes for humans is 23

Meiosis

• During metaphase I of meiosis, the homologous pairs are arranged along the equator

Blood Types

• If a homozygous type B individual marries a heterozygous type A individual, there's a 50% chance their child will have type AB blood

Human Skin Color

• Human skin color is the result of polygenic inheritance

Genetic Material

• Catalyzing chemical reactions is NOT a major function of the genetic material

DNA Replication

• Replication does not occur as each base is paired with another exactly like it - this does not occur in replication

mRNA and Amino Acids

• A strand of mRNA containing 9 codons will code for 9 amino acids

Skin

• Skin is an example of an organ

Homeostasis

• The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis
• Damage to the frontal lobe is likely the cause of behavioral changes, aggressiveness, and difficulty planning

Autonomic Nervous System

• The autonomic nervous system controls contraction of involuntary muscles

Brain

• The medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions such as breathing

Action Potential

• After a neuron reaches threshold for an action potential, sodium channels open, and sodium moves into the cell

Sensory Receptors

• The sensory receptor for hearing is classified as a mechanoreceptor

Light Entering the Eye

• The correct order in which a light ray enters the eye is: cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Exchange Between Blood and Tissues

• Capillaries are directly involved in the exchange of materials between blood and tissues

Blood Doping

• Blood doping, which increases red blood cells, would increase O2 delivery to muscles

Aorta

• The aorta is the largest artery

Pulmonary Circulation

• The right atrium and right ventricle supply blood to the pulmonary circulation

Artificial Pacemaker

• An artificial pacemaker replaces the actions of the sinoatrial node

Blood Vessel Walls

• Capillaries have walls which are only one cell thick

Type B Blood

• A person with Type B blood will have B antigens and A antibodies

Air Passage

• Air passes from the trachea into the bronchus during inhalation

Lungs

• Alveoli are part of the gas-exchange portion of the human lung

Epiglottis

• The epiglottis prevents foods and liquids from entering the lungs

Gas Exchange

• Gas exchange in the lungs occurs due to passive diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus

Oxygen in Blood

• Most of the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin

Respiratory Center

• The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels, but not very sensitive to changes in oxygen levels

Diaphragm During Inhalation

• During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and is flattened

Carbon Dioxide

• Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions

Digestive Tract pH

• The stomach has the lowest pH in the digestive tract

Digestion in the Mouth

• Mechanical and chemical digestion occur in the mouth

Small Intestine

• The highly folded lining of the small intestine increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients

Large Intestine

• The major function of the large intestine is to reabsorb water

Enzymes

• Amylase catalyzes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates

Stomach

• The stomach contains pepsin and hydrochloric acid

Essential Amino Acids

• Essential amino acids are amino acids that can't be synthesized by humans

Absorbing Nutrients

• Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine

Path of Urine

• The correct path of urine is: renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Nephron Waste Removal

• The nephron removes wastes from the blood through filtration and reabsorption

Urine Formation

• The second step in the formation of urine in a mammal is reabsorption in the proximal tubule

Kidney

• Water is reabsorbed by osmosis from the filtrate in the kidney

Death Valley

• A man surviving 24 hours in Death Valley with no water to drink would have a higher than usual blood level of ADH

Glomerulus

• The glomerular capsule surrounds the glomerulus and serves as the first part of the nephron to receive filtrate

Kidney Problems

• Large amounts of proteins in the urine would indicate a problem with the kidney

Kidneys

• Kidneys regulate blood volume and pH, and excrete nitrogenous wastes, making them organs of homeostasis

Skin

• The skin acts as a barrier to the invasion of microbes because secretions from the sweat and oil glands slow bacterial growth

Foreign Proteins

• Foreign proteins that will bind to an antibody are called antigens

MHC Proteins

• MHC proteins mark cells as "self," so the immune system doesn't attack them

Immune System Cells

• B cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow

T-Cells

• T cells do not change into plasma cells and produce antibodies when stimulated

Antibodies

• The presence of antibodies in a newborn baby is most often due to passive immunity from the mother

Cell-Mediated Immunity

• Cytotoxic T cells function as killers in cell-mediated immunity

Complement Protein

• A complement protein is a blood protein that works with antibodies

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

• A substance that blocks FSH but not LH in males would stop the production of sperm

Semen

• Interstitial cells do not produce the substances found in semen

Sperm

• Sperm are stored in the epididymis

Sperm Travel Path

• The correct path for sperm out of the male is: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra

Corpus Luteum

• A corpus luteum would be located in the ovary

Menstruation

• Menstruation is triggered by a decrease in estrogen and progesterone

Fertilization

• Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the oviducts

Labelling

• W - inferior vena cava
• X - superior vena cava
• Y - aorta (to the body)
• Z - pulmonary artery (to the lungs)
• 1 - alveoli
• 2 - nasal cavity
• 3 - larynx
• 4 - bronchiole
• 5 - trachea
• 6 - lung

Urinary System

• X represents the glomerulus within the glomerular (or Bowman's) capsule.
• You should be able to identify the other parts of the nephron and describe the major events during the process of urine formation (4 stages).

Stomach

• W – stomach
• X - large intestine (descending colon)
• Y – small intestine
• Z - rectum

Glands

• 1 – pituitary or hypothalamus
• 2 – thyroid
• 3 thymus
• 4 adrenal gland
• 5 pancreas
• 6 ovaries
• 7 testes

Male Reproductive System

• Know the following terms, and identify it on the illustration:
  • Urinary bladder (urinary system)
  • Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
  • Prostate gland
  • Erectile tissue of penis
  • Urethra
  • Vas deferens
  • Epididymis
  • Testis
  • Scrotum
  • Glans of penis

Female Reproductive System

• Know the following terms, and identify it on the illustration:
  • Oviduct, ovary, fimbriae, uterus
  • Urinary bladder, pubic bone, urethra
  • Clitoris
  • Labium minus, labium majus, vaginal orifice
  • Cervix, rectum, vagina, anus

Cardiac Cycle

• Describe the cardiac cycle using systole and diastole
• SA node (pacemaker) role in the heart
• AV node function to delay signal coordinate contraction

Blood Clotting

• Describe the process of blood clotting including: injury to blood vessel, platelet activation, clotting factors and enzyme cascade, fibrin mesh formation, and trapping of blood cells

Breathing

• Mechanics of inspiration and expiration can be explained by diaphragm and intercostal muscles in breathing
• Volume and pressure changes in lungs
• Movement of air in and out
• Alveoli structure
• Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Potato Digestion

• Describe what happens to a small piece of potato when you eat it, details for both digestion and absorption, trace the potato from your mouth to your large intestine
• Digestion and absorption, as well the following steps:
  • Salivary amylase in the mouth
  • Stomach digestion (mechanical, acidic)
  • Enzymes in small intestine break starch to glucose
  • Glucose absorption into bloodstream
  • Movement into large intestine (water absorption)

Urinary System

• Structures of the urinary system explanation, list, and function for the following structures: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Know the four steps of urine formation explanation.

Non-specific Defense System

• Explain how barriers to entry, protective proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, fever, and the inflammatory response all contribute to the non-specific defense system.
  • The following is helpful:
    • Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucus, acid)
    • Protective proteins (interferons, complement)
    • Phagocytic cells (macrophages)
    • Natural killer (NK) cells
    • Fever effects
    • Inflammatory response

Immunity

• Differentiate between antibody-mediated immunity (humoral) and cell-mediated immunity, and the following elements
  • Antibody-mediated: B cells, plasma cells, antibodies
  • Cell-mediated: T cells, direct killing
  • Targets (e.g., pathogens in fluid vs infected cells)

Ovarian Cycle

• Describe the ovarian cycle, including the structures and hormones involved.
  • Follicular phase: follicle development
  • Ovulation: egg release
  • Luteal phase: corpus luteum activity
  • Hormones: FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

Menstrual Cycle

• Describe the menstrual cycle: include the structures and hormones involved, and the following cycles
  • Menstrual phase: shedding of lining
  • Proliferative phase: rebuilding (estrogen)
  • Secretory phase: maintenance (progesterone)
  • Hormones: estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH
  • Uterus and endometrium involvement

Reproductive System

• Describe the hormonal control of the reproductive system in the human male or female:
  • Hormones of the hypothalamus
  • The anterior lobe of the pituitary
  • The gonads explanation:
    • Hypothalamus: GnRH
    • Anterior pituitary: FSH, LH
    • Gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
    • Feedback loops (negative/positive)