Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the two-part naming system used in binomial nomenclature?

  • Genus + Specific epithet (correct)
  • Genus + Phylum
  • Genus + Domain
  • Genus + Family

    • Who developed a system of taxonomy based on resemblances in the 18th century?

  • Pasteur
  • Darwin
  • Linnaeus (correct)
  • Mendel

    • What is the correct order of taxonomic groups from broad to narrow?

  • Domain —> Kingdom —> Phylum —> Class (correct)
  • Species —> Genus —> Family —> Order
  • Domain —> Phylum —> Class —> Kingdom
  • Kingdom —> Class —> Phylum —> Species

    • What is a taxon?

    <p>A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

    <p>The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a branch point (node) in a phylogenetic tree represent?

    <p>Divergence of two species from a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rooted tree in phylogenetics include?

    <p>A branch to represent the last common ancestor of ALL taxa in that tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a polytomy in a phylogenetic tree indicate?

    <p>A branch from which more than two groups emerge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of group consists of all the descendants of a single common ancestor?

    <p>Monophyletic group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if taxa are rotated around nodes and still depict the same relationships?

    <p>The tree's structure remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a polyphyletic group consist of?

    <p>Descendants with diverse evolutionary origins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can phylogenetic trees NOT provide?

    <p>Timing of species evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can phylogenetic trees indicate?

    <p>Patterens of descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be assumed about taxa on a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>They evolved from the taxon next to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are characters in the context of making a phylogeny?

    <p>Specific traits possessed by an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tree with the fewest number of events is considered the best tree in phylogenetics?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parsimony in phylogenetics refers to having the fewest number of evolutionary steps?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polyphyletic group consists of all the descendants of a single common ancestor?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogenetic bracketing allow us to do?

    <p>Predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees based on?

    <p>Morphological, molecular, and fossil data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early taxonomists classify all species into?

    <p>Two kingdoms: plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the later recognized Five kingdoms by taxonomists?

    <p>Monera (prokaryotes), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains in the three-domain system?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the three-domain system, which domain is more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data has supported the adoption of the three-domain system?

    <p>Data from sequenced genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system was adopted 'More recently' than the existing two-kingdom classification?

    <p>Three-domain system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key features of Linnaeus' system of taxonomy that remain useful today?

    <p>Binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow in the hierarchical classification system?

    <p>They represent increasingly inclusive categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between phylogeny and systematics?

    <p>Systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships based on phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

    <p>A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sister taxa share in terms of evolutionary relationships?

    <p>They share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of depicting evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees?

    <p>To infer the evolutionary relationships among species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a polytomy in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>A polytomy indicates a branch where more than two groups emerge, which makes the evolutionary history unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of parsimony in phylogenetics.

    <p>Parsimony refers to the principle of selecting the phylogenetic tree with the fewest number of evolutionary steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogenetic bracketing allow us to predict?

    <p>Phylogenetic bracketing allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of characters in the context of making a phylogeny?

    <p>Characters are specific traits possessed by an organism, which can have different stages or variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rooted tree in phylogenetics include?

    <p>A rooted tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in that tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the relationship between Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria in the three-domain system.

    <p>Eukaryotes and Archaea are more closely related to each other than to Bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a monophyletic group and a paraphyletic group?

    <p>A monophyletic group consists of all the descendants of a single common ancestor, while a paraphyletic group consists of some, but not all descendants of a single common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can phylogenetic trees provide?

    <p>Phylogenetic trees can show patterns of descent and relationships among taxa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if taxa are rotated around nodes and still depict the same relationships?

    <p>Rotating taxa around nodes does not change the relationships depicted in the phylogenetic tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees based on?

    <p>The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees fit the most data, including morphological, molecular, and fossil evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Binomial Nomenclature

    • The binomial nomenclature system uses two parts to name a species, a genus name and a specific epithet.

    Taxonomy

    • Carl Linnaeus developed a system of taxonomy based on resemblances in the 18th century.

    Taxonomic Groups

    • The correct order of taxonomic groups from broad to narrow is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
    • A taxon is a named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy, such as a species, genus, or phylum.

    Phylogenetic Trees

    • A phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
    • A branch point (or node) in a phylogenetic tree represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.
    • A rooted tree in phylogenetics includes a branch point that represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
    • A polytomy in a phylogenetic tree indicates that the evolutionary relationships among the taxa are unresolved.

    Monophyletic Groups

    • A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

    Tree Relationships

    • Rotating taxa around nodes in a phylogenetic tree does not change the relationships between the taxa, as it only changes the spatial arrangement of the branches.

    Polyphyletic Groups

    • A polyphyletic group includes taxa from different evolutionary lineages that do not share a common ancestor.

    Phylogeny Limitations

    • Phylogenetic trees do not provide information about the absolute time of evolutionary events.

    Phylogeny Applications

    • Phylogenetic trees indicate the relative recency of common ancestry.
    • Taxa should not be assumed to be more closely related simply because they are closer together on a phylogenetic tree.

    Character Analysis

    • Characters in the context of making a phylogeny are any heritable feature that can be used to distinguish between taxa, such as morphological, molecular, or behavioral traits.
    • The tree with the fewest number of evolutionary events (the most parsimonious tree) is considered the best tree in phylogenetics.
    • Parsimony in phylogenetics refers to the principle that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is the most likely.

    Phylogenetic Bracketing

    • Phylogenetic bracketing allows us to predict the characteristics of an ancestor by looking at the shared traits of its descendants.

    Tree Hypothesis

    • Best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are based on the principle of parsimony and other criteria like molecular data.

    Early Classification

    • Early taxonomists classified all species into two kingdoms: Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals).

    Five Kingdoms

    • Five kingdoms were later recognized: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

    Three Domain System

    • Eukarya is one of the three domains in the three-domain system.
    • Archaea is more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria.
    • Molecular data, including ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, has supported the adoption of the three-domain system.

    Systematics

    • The three-domain system was adopted "more recently" than the existing two-kingdom classification.
    • Two key features remaining useful from Linnaeus' system of taxonomy: the hierarchical classification and the binomial nomenclature.

    Hierarchical Classification

    • The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow in the hierarchical classification system are arranged according to their evolutionary relationships: organisms in more closely related groups share a more recent common ancestor.

    Phylogeny and Systematics

    • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
    • Systematics is the study of biological diversity and its evolutionary relationships.
    • A phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

    Sister Taxa

    • Sister taxa share a more recent common ancestor than they do with any other group.

    Branching Trees

    • Branching phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

    Polytomy Significance

    • A polytomy indicates that evolutionary relationships among the taxa are unresolved.

    Parsimony in Phylogenetics

    • Parsimony in phylogenetics refers to the principle of using the simplest explanation for a phenomenon, meaning the tree with the fewest number of evolutionary events is considered the best.

    Phylogenetic Bracketing Applications

    • Phylogenetic bracketing allows us to predict characteristics of an ancestor by analyzing the shared traits of its descendants.

    Character Traits

    • Characters in the context of making a phylogeny are any heritable feature that can be used to distinguish between taxa.

    Rooted Trees

    • A rooted tree includes a branch point which represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.

    Three Domain System Relationships

    • In the three-domain system, Archaea and Eukarya share a more recent common ancestor than either does with Bacteria.

    Monophyletic & Paraphyletic Groups

    • A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
    • A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

    Phylogenetic Tree Applications

    • Phylogenetic trees can be used to identify the evolutionary relationships among organisms, infer the evolution of traits, and reconstruct the history of life on Earth.

    Taxon Rotation

    • Rotating taxa around nodes in a phylogenetic tree does not change the relationships between the taxa, as it only changes the spatial arrangement of the branches.

    Best Tree Hypotheses

    • Best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are based on morphological, molecular, and behavioral data, and the principle of parsimony.

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