BHMS4472 ICT in Business Lecture 10
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of automation in organizational change?

  • Implement new marketing strategies
  • Replace manual tasks (correct)
  • Increase employee satisfaction
  • Reduce the number of employees

    • Business process redesign involves identifying existing processes without analyzing them.

    False

    What does BPM stand for in the context of business process management?

    Business Process Management

    The first step in Business Process Management (BPM) is to identify __________ for change.

    <p>processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organizational change strategies with their descriptions:

    <p>Automation = Replaces manual tasks to increase efficiency Business Process Redesign = Analyzes and simplifies business processes Rationalization of Procedures = Streamlines standard operating procedures Paradigm Shifts = Redefines the nature of business and its models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of prototyping?

    <p>May gloss over essential steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Object-oriented development does not emphasize reusability of objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does the traditional systems development life cycle primarily utilize?

    <p>Waterfall approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic unit of systems analysis and design is known as an __________.

    <p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Class = A blueprint for creating objects Inheritance = Mechanism of acquiring properties from a parent class Prototype = Preliminary version of an information system End-user interface = Point of interaction between users and the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about object-oriented modeling is true?

    <p>It allows for the grouping of objects into classes and hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prototyping is primarily used when user requirements are well understood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one advantage of using prototyping in development.

    <p>Fulfills end-user requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of outsourcing in IT?

    <p>Flexibility in IT needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rapid Application Development (RAD) involves extending the time taken to create workable systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RFP stand for?

    <p>Request for Proposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ development includes built-in tools to enable users to create applications without any coding.

    <p>No-code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following development methods to their descriptions:

    <p>Agile Development = Delivers software by breaking projects into subprojects DevOps = Builds on agile principles as an organizational strategy Low-code Development = Uses minimal hand-coding with a visual interface Joint Application Design (JAD) = Accelerates the generation of information requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of outsourcing?

    <p>Hidden costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud and SaaS providers require companies to maintain their own hardware and software.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect does responsive web design focus on?

    <p>Automatic adjustment of layouts based on device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ testing involves using tools to exam software and report results.

    <p>Automated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria is NOT part of the evaluation for systems analysis?

    <p>Popularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the systems development process?

    <p>Systems analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    User involvement in the design process can help prevent system failures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main strategies for system conversion?

    <p>Parallel strategy, Direct cutover, Pilot study, Phased approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of __________ is to ensure that the system produces the right results.

    <p>testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following system components with their descriptions:

    <p>Database Design = Logical data model, Volume and speed requirements User Interface = Simplicity, Efficiency, Logic Controls = Input and output controls, Processing controls Documentation = Operations documentation, User documentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of systems failure?

    <p>Faulty requirements analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of structured methodologies is on intuitive design.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a feasibility study in systems analysis?

    <p>To evaluate whether the proposed solution is practical and achievable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One major part of the __________ process is creating design specifications.

    <p>systems design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the testing phases with their purposes:

    <p>Unit testing = Tests individual components System testing = Tests the complete system Acceptance testing = Ensures system meets user requirements Test plan = Preparation for overall testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity is involved in the maintenance phase of systems development?

    <p>Updating software and procedures as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data flow diagrams represent the system’s data input and output only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary activities performed during the systems development process?

    <p>Systems analysis, Systems design, Programming, Testing, Conversion, Production and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a diagram that represents logical information flow.

    <p>data flow diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 10: BHMS4472 ICT in Business - Building Information Systems

    • ICT stands for Information, Communication, and Technology
    • The lecture covers learning objectives related to building information systems
    • Key objectives include understanding how building new systems produces organizational change, core activities in systems development, methodologies for modeling and designing systems, alternative methods for building information systems, and new approaches for system building in the digital firm era.

    Systems Development and Organizational Change

    • IT-enabled organizational change includes automation
      • Increased efficiency
      • Replacement of manual tasks
    • Rationalization of procedures
      • Streamlining standard operating procedures
      • Often found in programs for continuous quality improvements (e.g. Total Quality Management [TQM], Six Sigma)
    • Business process redesign
      • Analyze, simplify and redesign existing business processes
      • Reorganizing workflow, combining steps, and eliminating repetition
    • Paradigm shifts
      • Rethinking the nature of business
      • Defining new business models
      • Changing the nature of the organization

    Organizational Change Risks and Rewards

    • A diagram presented shows a relationship between organizational change risk and reward, with automation having the lowest risk and highest return, and paradigm shifts having the highest risk and potentially highest reward.

    Business Process Redesign

    • Business Process Management (BPM): A variety of tools and methodologies used to analyze, design, and optimize business processes
      • Firms use BPM to manage business process redesign
    • Steps in BPM:
      1. Identify processes needing change
      2. Analyze existing processes
      3. Design the new process
      4. Implement the new process
      5. Continuous measurement

    Business Process - Purchasing a Book

    • Diagrams illustrate business processes for purchasing a book, both in a physical bookstore and an online bookstore, showcasing the differences in flow.

    Tools for Business Process Management

    • Identify and document existing processes, including inefficiencies
    • Create models of improved processes
    • Capture and enforce rules for performing and automating processes
    • Integrate existing systems to support improvements
    • Verify that new processes have improved aspects
    • Measure the impact of process changes on key business performance indicators

    Systems Development

    • Comprises activities for producing information systems, addressing organizational problems or opportunities.
      • Systems analysis
      • Systems design
      • Programming
      • Testing
      • Conversion
      • Production and maintenance

    Systems Development Process

    • A cyclical process including systems analysis, system design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance.

    Systems Analysis

    • Analysis of the problem to be solved
    • Defining the problem, Identifying causes, Specifying solutions, Identifying information requirements
    • Feasibility study, Systems proposal report, and information requirements. Faulty requirements analysis is a major cause of system failures and costs.

    Systems Design

    • Describing specifications for system functions identified during analysis.
    • Address managerial, organizational, and technological components.
    • Users must have sufficient control over the process to ensure the system reflects their business needs. Insufficient user involvement is a common cause of failure.
    • Includes specifications for output, input, user interfaces, database design, processing, manual procedures, controls, security, documentation, conversion, training, and organizational changes.

    System Design Specifications

    • Specifications for output, input, user interfaces, database design, processing, manual procedures, controls, security, documentation, conversion, training, and organizational changes are outlined.

    Completing the Systems Development Process

    • Programming: System specifications are translated into software program code
    • Testing: Ensures produced results are correct through various testing methodologies
    • Conversion: Changing from an older system to a new one using parallel strategy, direct cutover, pilot study, or phased approach. This step also involves end-user training and detailed documentation to support the change.
    • Production and Maintenance: System review for needed revisions, and post-implementation audits, along with maintenance activities for hardware, software, documentation, and procedures are described.

    Core Systems Development Activities

    • Activities in systems analysis, systems design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance.

    Structured Methodologies

    • Process-oriented: Step-by-step, progressive techniques focused on data-manipulating processes and separating data from processes
    • Data flow diagrams: Represent the system’s component processes and show data flow between them. Logical graphic models of this information flow.
    • Data dictionary: Defines contents of data flows and stores data.

    Structured Methodologies (cont'd)

    • Process specifications: Describe transformations in data flow diagrams at the lowest level.
    • Structure charts: Top-down charts showing design levels, relationships between levels and place in the overall design structure

    Object-Oriented Development

    • Object: Basic unit of systems analysis and design; combines data and processes; data in an object is accessed only through associated operations.
    • Object-oriented modeling: Based on class and inheritance concepts; Objects belong to a class and have features of that class. May inherit structures and behaviors from ancestor classes.

    Object-Oriented Development (cont'd)

    • More iterative and incremental than traditional structured development.
    • In analysis, interactions between users and systems are identified to identify objects.
    • Design phase identifies how objects will interact.
    • Implementation involves reusing existing classes and creating new ones.
    • Objects are reusable.

    Traditional Systems Life Cycle

    • Oldest method for building information systems; Uses a phased approach using a waterfall-like process of divided formal stages. Division of labor happens between end-users and information systems specialists. Formal specifications and paperwork are emphasized. Can be costly, time-consuming, and inflexible, but still used for building large complex systems.

    Prototyping

    • Building experimental systems rapidly and inexpensively for end-user evaluation. Working but preliminary information system prototype; approved as template for the final system.
    • Steps in prototyping: Identify user requirements, develop initial prototype, use the prototype, revise and enhance prototype.
    • Prototyping Process Flowchart: The steps of the prototyping process are illustrated in a flowchart to depict the iterative development cycle.
    • Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: useful for uncertainty in requirements or design solutions, often used for end-user interface design, and likely to address requirements more accurately. Disadvantages: may gloss over essential steps, may not accommodate large numbers of users or data, and may not undergo full testing or documentation

    Application Software Packages, Software Services, and Outsourcing

    • Application software packages and software services save time and money, while offering customizable features.
    • Evaluation criteria: functions provided, flexibility, user-friendliness, required resources, database requirements, installation and maintenance efforts, documentation, vendor quality, and cost.
    • Request for Proposal (RFP): Vendors are requested for proposals, with details of the requested software.
    • Outsourcing: several types; cloud and SaaS providers; external vendors, hired for new software design, domestic outsourcing (firm’s needs for additional skills, resources, or assets). Offshore outsourcing (driven by cost savings).
    • Advantages/Disadvantages of Outsourcing: Advantages: organization flexibility in IT needs. Disadvantages: hidden costs like vendor identification and selection, transitioning to the vendor, and opening up proprietary business processes to third parties.

    Rapid Application Development (RAD), Agile Development, Automated Software Testing, and DevOps

    • Rapid Application Development (RAD): Process of creating workable systems in a remarkably short time.
    • Joint Application Design (JAD): Used to accelerate information requirements generation and develop initial system design.
    • Agile development: Focuses on rapid software delivery by breaking projects into sub-projects.
    • Automated software testing: Tools for testing software and comparing outcomes with earlier test runs
    • DevOps: Builds on agile development principles as an organizational strategy.
    • Low-code development: Enables faster application development with minimal coding using visual modeling.
    • No-code development: Includes built-in tools enabling users to create apps without coding.

    Mobile Application Development

    • Mobile websites, mobile web apps, Native apps
    • Special Requirements: Smaller screens, keyboards, and multi-touch gestures saving resources (memory and processing).
    • Responsive web design: Websites adapt their layouts automatically based on the user's device.

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    Lecture 10 Building Information Systems PDF

    Description

    This lecture explores key concepts in building information systems, emphasizing the role of ICT in driving organizational change. It covers methodologies for systems development, automation, and business process redesign, along with the latest approaches applicable in today's digital firms.

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