Beta lactams

Why are β-lactam antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine?

Which of the following is NOT a β-lactam antimicrobial?

List the different families of beta lactams:

List the derivatives of penicillin:

Which of the following penicillins is considered an extended-spectrum penicillin?

What structural component is common to all β-lactam antibiotics?

Why is the β-lactam ring an important target for bacterial resistance?

Why is oral administration (PO) limited for most β-lactam antibiotics?

Which of the following β-lactam antibiotics can be administered orally?

List the other beta-lactam antibiotics that can be administered orally

What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

Why are β-lactam antibiotics only effective against rapidly multiplying organisms?

Why are Gram-positive bacteria generally more susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics than Gram-negative bacteria?

Which group of β-lactam antibiotics has good to excellent activity against Gram-negative bacteria?

Why do β-lactam antibiotics have little use in treating intracellular pathogens?

IN order to bind to the PBPs, the Beta lactam antibiotics must first ____________

What does “time-dependent killing” mean in relation to β-lactam antibiotics?

Which of the following is NOT a resistance mechanism against β-lactam antibiotics?

What is the role of β-lactamase enzymes in bacterial resistance?

Which type of β-lactamase can hydrolyze all β-lactam antibiotics?

What is a major characteristic of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)?

Beta lactams are synergistic with tetracyclines

What can be used with Beta lactams to have a synergistic effect?

You do not administer beta lactams with bacteriostatic antimicrobials, in particular chloramphenicol and tetracyclines

Which of the following was the first commercially developed antibiotic?

How is Penicillin G ranked in the WHO list of medically important antimicrobials for human medicine?

Why is Penicillin G poorly absorbed from the stomach

Which penicillin product can be administered orally (PO) and still achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations?

What is the primary characteristic of the Na+ and K+ salt formulations of Penicillin G?

Which formulation of Penicillin G is absorbed most slowly from IM injection?

What type of kinetics does Procaine Penicillin G follow due to its slow absorption?

The rate of absorption from IM injections of procaine penicillin G varies depending on _______________

Penicillin has a moderate to high volume of distribution in most animals

Penicillin G is highly ionized in plasma

What is the significance of Penicillin G being highly ionized in plasma?

Why might Penicillin G have difficulty reaching therapeutic concentrations in certain infections?

What factor can enhance Penicillin G penetration into sequestered infection sites?

How is Penicillin G primarily eliminated from the body?

__________________ and __________________ contribute most to the renal elimination of Penicillin G

Due to active renal tubular secretion, the ____________________ of Penicillin G tend to be very high

What is the approximate elimination half-life (t½) of Penicillin G after IV administration in most animals?

Why do long-acting formulations of Penicillin G have longer elimination half-lives?

Why are long-acting formulations of penicillin G problematic for residue violations in food animals?

Why should penicillin not be administered concurrently with bacteriostatic antimicrobials like chloramphenicol or tetracyclines?

What factor increases the risk of violative residues when using procaine penicillin G in food animals?

Which of the following can lead to residue violations when administering procaine penicillin G in food animals?

What is the effect of combining β-lactam antibiotics like penicillin with aminoglycosides?

Why should penicillins and aminoglycosides not be mixed in the same syringe or IV tubing?