Antimicrobials V β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Quiz

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What is the mortality rate for Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter infections?

10-30%

30-80%

52% (correct)

20-50%

Which type of resistance mechanism involves altered targets like PBP2a for MRSA and Dala-Dlac for VRE?

Antibiotic inactivating enzymes

Altered target (correct)

Reduced accumulation

Intrinsic resistance

What is the primary function of β-lactamase enzymes in antibiotic resistance?

Reducing permeability

Increasing target binding

Inactivating antibiotics (correct)

Enhancing accumulation

Which bacterial pathogen is known to be cephalosporin resistant?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of reduced permeability in Gram-positive bacteria?

Resistance to antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species exhibits intrinsic resistance due to low affinity PBPs that bind β-lactams 1000-fold less than other species?

Enterococci Signup and view all the answers

What is the antimicrobial resistant category that Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to based on the given information?

MDR Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial agent is NOT listed under the Aminoglycosides category in the provided text?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

In the context of β-Lactamase Mediated Resistance, which of the following antibiotic categories is specifically mentioned as a treatment option?

Monobactam Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which antibiotic category is associated with Colistin and Polymyxin B?

Polymyxins Signup and view all the answers

From the provided COVID-19 and Bacterial Infections text, what percentage of patients with COVID-19 were prescribed early empiric antibacterial therapy?

56.6% Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae, what does MDR stand for?

Multi-Drug Resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mechanism of -lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria?

Antibiotic inactivating enzymes i.e. -lactamase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for inactivating -lactam antibiotics?

-lactamases Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of modified cross-linking for VRE bacteria?

PBP 2a Signup and view all the answers

Which type of -lactamase is associated with cephalosporin resistance?

AmpC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of altered porin production and -lactamase production in Gram-negative cells?

Inactivation of -lactam antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of -lactamase is commonly encountered with metallo substrates like IMP, VIM, NDM?

Class B Signup and view all the answers

Why do failures of Cephalosporin therapy occur in serious infections caused by ESBL-positive bacteria?

Production of broad-spectrum -lactamases Signup and view all the answers

Why is it not recommended to treat organisms with an inducible AmpC with a 3rd generation cephalosporin?

Inducible AmpC can develop resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What type of resistance do Metallo--lactamases (MBLs) confer?

Resistance to all antibiotics except aztreonam Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is VIM, IMP, and NDM resistant to due to Metallo--lactamases (MBLs)?

Aztreonam Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Class A Carbapenemases like KPC?

They hydrolyze carbapenems Signup and view all the answers

How does therapy for KPC-producing organisms typically involve?

Combination therapy is required Signup and view all the answers

What is the main impact of Metallo--lactamases (MBLs) on patient mortality?

Increased mortality compared to other types of carbapenemases Signup and view all the answers

Where was the New Delhi Metallo--lactamase (NDM) first identified?

Turkey Signup and view all the answers

Why are undetected reservoirs of ESBLs in certain organisms concerning?

They contribute to the spread of ESBLs in patient populations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why patients with CTX-M ESBLs have a higher risk of being affected when traveling?

Presence in common food sources like beef and poultry. Signup and view all the answers

Why are ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae a concern beyond resistance to -lactams?

They can develop resistance to all antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of AmpC -lactamases that differentiates them from ESBLs?

Resistance to older -lactamase inhibitors. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class shows the highest activity against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae?

$eta$-lactam/$eta$-lactamase inhibitor combinations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes derepressed mutants from wild-type organisms in terms of antibiotic resistance?

$\beta$-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic type can induce AmpC enzymes in bacteria?

$1^{ ext{st}}$, $2^{ ext{nd}}$, $3^{ ext{rd}}$ gen cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the promoter mutations regarding AmpC expression in bacteria?

They result in overexpression of the AmpC gene Signup and view all the answers