34 Questions
What is the mortality rate for Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter infections?
52%
Which type of resistance mechanism involves altered targets like PBP2a for MRSA and Dala-Dlac for VRE?
Altered target
What is the primary function of β-lactamase enzymes in antibiotic resistance?
Inactivating antibiotics
Which bacterial pathogen is known to be cephalosporin resistant?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the common outcome of reduced permeability in Gram-positive bacteria?
Resistance to antibiotics
Which bacterial species exhibits intrinsic resistance due to low affinity PBPs that bind β-lactams 1000-fold less than other species?
Enterococci
What is the antimicrobial resistant category that Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to based on the given information?
MDR
Which antimicrobial agent is NOT listed under the Aminoglycosides category in the provided text?
Ciprofloxacin
In the context of β-Lactamase Mediated Resistance, which of the following antibiotic categories is specifically mentioned as a treatment option?
Monobactam
According to the provided information, which antibiotic category is associated with Colistin and Polymyxin B?
Polymyxins
From the provided COVID-19 and Bacterial Infections text, what percentage of patients with COVID-19 were prescribed early empiric antibacterial therapy?
56.6%
In the context of Multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae, what does MDR stand for?
Multi-Drug Resistance
What is the most common mechanism of -lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria?
Antibiotic inactivating enzymes i.e. -lactamase
Which enzyme is responsible for inactivating -lactam antibiotics?
-lactamases
What is the target of modified cross-linking for VRE bacteria?
PBP 2a
Which type of -lactamase is associated with cephalosporin resistance?
AmpC
What is the primary effect of altered porin production and -lactamase production in Gram-negative cells?
Inactivation of -lactam antibiotics
Which type of -lactamase is commonly encountered with metallo substrates like IMP, VIM, NDM?
Class B
Why do failures of Cephalosporin therapy occur in serious infections caused by ESBL-positive bacteria?
Production of broad-spectrum -lactamases
Why is it not recommended to treat organisms with an inducible AmpC with a 3rd generation cephalosporin?
Inducible AmpC can develop resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins
What type of resistance do Metallo--lactamases (MBLs) confer?
Resistance to all antibiotics except aztreonam
Which antibiotic is VIM, IMP, and NDM resistant to due to Metallo--lactamases (MBLs)?
Aztreonam
What is the main characteristic of Class A Carbapenemases like KPC?
They hydrolyze carbapenems
How does therapy for KPC-producing organisms typically involve?
Combination therapy is required
What is the main impact of Metallo--lactamases (MBLs) on patient mortality?
Increased mortality compared to other types of carbapenemases
Where was the New Delhi Metallo--lactamase (NDM) first identified?
Turkey
Why are undetected reservoirs of ESBLs in certain organisms concerning?
They contribute to the spread of ESBLs in patient populations.
What is the main reason why patients with CTX-M ESBLs have a higher risk of being affected when traveling?
Presence in common food sources like beef and poultry.
Why are ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae a concern beyond resistance to -lactams?
They can develop resistance to all antibiotics.
What is a characteristic of AmpC -lactamases that differentiates them from ESBLs?
Resistance to older -lactamase inhibitors.
Which antibiotic class shows the highest activity against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae?
$eta$-lactam/$eta$-lactamase inhibitor combinations
What distinguishes derepressed mutants from wild-type organisms in terms of antibiotic resistance?
$\beta$-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance.
Which antibiotic type can induce AmpC enzymes in bacteria?
$1^{ ext{st}}$, $2^{ ext{nd}}$, $3^{ ext{rd}}$ gen cephalosporins
What is the significance of the promoter mutations regarding AmpC expression in bacteria?
They result in overexpression of the AmpC gene
Test your knowledge on antimicrobials, β-lactam antibiotics, and bacterial resistance. This quiz covers topics such as CREs, Acinetobacter resistance, and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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