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Questions and Answers
Which enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of catecholamines?
Which enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of catecholamines?
- Catecholamine oxidase [CO]
- Monoamine oxidase [MAO] (correct)
- Catecholamine reductase [CR]
- Monosaccharide oxidase [MO]
What distinguishes catecholamines from noncatecholamines?
What distinguishes catecholamines from noncatecholamines?
- Duration of action
- Ability to be used orally
- Ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (correct)
- Presence of benzene ring
What is the defining feature of a catechol group in catecholamines?
What is the defining feature of a catechol group in catecholamines?
- Amine component
- Presence of hydroxyl groups on two adjacent carbons (correct)
- Ethylamine component
- Benzene ring
Which adrenergic agonist works by promoting norepinephrine release and blocking norepinephrine reuptake?
Which adrenergic agonist works by promoting norepinephrine release and blocking norepinephrine reuptake?
What distinguishes indirect adrenergic agonists from direct ones?
What distinguishes indirect adrenergic agonists from direct ones?
What is the cause of the pink or brown pigmentation in catecholamine-containing solutions over time?
What is the cause of the pink or brown pigmentation in catecholamine-containing solutions over time?
Which type of receptors are located presynaptically in the central nervous system and their activation inhibits norepinephrine release?
Which type of receptors are located presynaptically in the central nervous system and their activation inhibits norepinephrine release?
What is the therapeutic application of activating beta-2 receptors?
What is the therapeutic application of activating beta-2 receptors?
What is the main adverse effect of overstimulation of beta-1 receptors?
What is the main adverse effect of overstimulation of beta-1 receptors?
What is the primary therapeutic use of dopamine receptors activation?
What is the primary therapeutic use of dopamine receptors activation?
What is the receptor specificity of epinephrine?
What is the receptor specificity of epinephrine?
Which adrenergic agonist is specifically indicated for the treatment of heart failure?
Which adrenergic agonist is specifically indicated for the treatment of heart failure?
What is the classification of norepinephrine as a medication?
What is the classification of norepinephrine as a medication?
Which adrenergic agonist has receptor specificity for activation of dopamine receptors only at low doses, B1 at moderate doses, and A1 at high doses?
Which adrenergic agonist has receptor specificity for activation of dopamine receptors only at low doses, B1 at moderate doses, and A1 at high doses?
Which adrenergic agonist can benefit asthma through bronchodilation and improve hemodynamic status in patients with shock?
Which adrenergic agonist can benefit asthma through bronchodilation and improve hemodynamic status in patients with shock?
Which type of adrenergic antagonist is used to reduce the contraction of smooth muscle in the prostatic capsule and bladder neck?
Which type of adrenergic antagonist is used to reduce the contraction of smooth muscle in the prostatic capsule and bladder neck?
What is the most significant adverse effect associated with alpha-2 blockade?
What is the most significant adverse effect associated with alpha-2 blockade?
What can be given prior to surgery for pheochromocytoma to prevent massive catecholamine release?
What can be given prior to surgery for pheochromocytoma to prevent massive catecholamine release?
What is the therapeutic application of nonselective alpha blockers like phentolamine?
What is the therapeutic application of nonselective alpha blockers like phentolamine?
What is one of the therapeutic applications of alpha blockade mentioned in the text?
What is one of the therapeutic applications of alpha blockade mentioned in the text?
Which group of beta blockers is used to treat glaucoma?
Which group of beta blockers is used to treat glaucoma?
What adverse effects are associated with non-selective beta adrenergic blocking agents?
What adverse effects are associated with non-selective beta adrenergic blocking agents?
Why must beta blockers be used with caution in patients with heart failure or reduced cardiac reserve?
Why must beta blockers be used with caution in patients with heart failure or reduced cardiac reserve?
What is the potential complication of B-blocker therapy related to AV conduction?
What is the potential complication of B-blocker therapy related to AV conduction?
What is the suggested method to minimize the risk of rebound excitation when withdrawing beta blockers?
What is the suggested method to minimize the risk of rebound excitation when withdrawing beta blockers?
What is the primary reason for the difficulty in establishing doses of propranolol?
What is the primary reason for the difficulty in establishing doses of propranolol?
Which adverse effect is unique to metoprolol among the selective Beta blockers?
Which adverse effect is unique to metoprolol among the selective Beta blockers?
What sets carvedilol and labetalol apart from other Beta blockers?
What sets carvedilol and labetalol apart from other Beta blockers?
Why are nadolol and atenolol less likely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier compared to propranolol and metoprolol?
Why are nadolol and atenolol less likely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier compared to propranolol and metoprolol?
Which characteristic makes sotalol and esmolol unsuited for treating HTN?
Which characteristic makes sotalol and esmolol unsuited for treating HTN?
What is the first dose recommendation for prazosin?
What is the first dose recommendation for prazosin?
Which drug can prolong QT and should not be given with inhibitors of CYP34A?
Which drug can prolong QT and should not be given with inhibitors of CYP34A?
What are the three beta blockers shown to be effective in the treatment of heart failure?
What are the three beta blockers shown to be effective in the treatment of heart failure?
What is the main therapeutic application of beta blockers in the context of hyperthyroidism?
What is the main therapeutic application of beta blockers in the context of hyperthyroidism?
For which condition can beta blockers be used prophylactically to reduce frequency and intensity of attacks?
For which condition can beta blockers be used prophylactically to reduce frequency and intensity of attacks?
What is the mechanism of action of clonidine in reducing blood pressure?
What is the mechanism of action of clonidine in reducing blood pressure?
What are the approved indications for clonidine?
What are the approved indications for clonidine?
How does guanfacine lower blood pressure?
How does guanfacine lower blood pressure?
What distinguishes methyldopa from clonidine and guanfacine in its mechanism of action?
What distinguishes methyldopa from clonidine and guanfacine in its mechanism of action?
What distinguishes methyldopa from methyldopate?
What distinguishes methyldopa from methyldopate?
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