Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which medication should be avoided in children, especially those with Down syndrome?
Which medication should be avoided in children, especially those with Down syndrome?
What condition can worsen if antidiarrheal medications like diphenoxylate and difenoxin are used?
What condition can worsen if antidiarrheal medications like diphenoxylate and difenoxin are used?
What type of drug is loperamide classified as?
What type of drug is loperamide classified as?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with phenothiazines?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with phenothiazines?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario is the use of cannabinoids contraindicated?
In which scenario is the use of cannabinoids contraindicated?
Signup and view all the answers
What should patients be informed about regarding their urine color when using phenothiazines?
What should patients be informed about regarding their urine color when using phenothiazines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug type works as a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist?
Which drug type works as a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical consideration when using antihistamines in older adults?
What is a critical consideration when using antihistamines in older adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What potential effect can 5-HT3 receptor antagonists cause regarding ileus?
What potential effect can 5-HT3 receptor antagonists cause regarding ileus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse effect is primarily associated with the use of cannabinoids?
Which adverse effect is primarily associated with the use of cannabinoids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important precaution when using scopolamine?
What is an important precaution when using scopolamine?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with a high risk of extrapyramidal symptoms when using phenothiazines?
What condition is associated with a high risk of extrapyramidal symptoms when using phenothiazines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
What is a common adverse effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be avoided in individuals with a history of biliary disorders when using Eluxadoline?
What should be avoided in individuals with a history of biliary disorders when using Eluxadoline?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for Beta 2 receptor agonists?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Beta 2 receptor agonists?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a side effect commonly associated with Beta 2 receptor agonists?
Which of the following is a side effect commonly associated with Beta 2 receptor agonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of short-acting Beta agonists (SABAs)?
What is a key characteristic of short-acting Beta agonists (SABAs)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which inhaled corticosteroid is considered to have the highest potency?
Which inhaled corticosteroid is considered to have the highest potency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication class can lead to bronchospasm due to inflammation mediated by leukotrienes?
Which medication class can lead to bronchospasm due to inflammation mediated by leukotrienes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihistamines?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihistamines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a precaution for using inhaled anticholinergics?
What is a precaution for using inhaled anticholinergics?
Signup and view all the answers
How are leukotriene receptor agonists metabolized?
How are leukotriene receptor agonists metabolized?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of decongestants?
What is the main effect of decongestants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a side effect specific to codeine as an antitussive?
Which of the following is a side effect specific to codeine as an antitussive?
Signup and view all the answers
What do expectorants aim to accomplish in respiratory treatment?
What do expectorants aim to accomplish in respiratory treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following inhaled corticoids is contraindicated in status asthmaticus?
Which of the following inhaled corticoids is contraindicated in status asthmaticus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of Beta agonists are typically used in the case of acute bronchospasm?
Which type of Beta agonists are typically used in the case of acute bronchospasm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary goals of GERD therapy?
What is one of the primary goals of GERD therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lifestyle change is recommended for managing GERD symptoms?
Which lifestyle change is recommended for managing GERD symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered first-line therapy for patients with frequent GERD symptoms?
What is considered first-line therapy for patients with frequent GERD symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
What should antacids not be used for?
What should antacids not be used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect of aluminum-based antacids?
What is a common adverse effect of aluminum-based antacids?
Signup and view all the answers
What action do proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) perform?
What action do proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) perform?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should prokinetic agents be reserved for specific cases?
Why should prokinetic agents be reserved for specific cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nutrient deficiencies are associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?
Which nutrient deficiencies are associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition contraindicates the use of calcium-based antacids?
What condition contraindicates the use of calcium-based antacids?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?
What condition is associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary action of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on gastric parietal cells?
What is the primary action of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on gastric parietal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication class is no longer available in the U.S. for treating GERD?
Which medication class is no longer available in the U.S. for treating GERD?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important consideration when using proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy?
What is an important consideration when using proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which histamine-2 receptor antagonist is noted for its effects on lowering gastric acid secretion?
Which histamine-2 receptor antagonist is noted for its effects on lowering gastric acid secretion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following should not be done when taking antacids?
Which of the following should not be done when taking antacids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect associated with cimetidine?
What is a common adverse effect associated with cimetidine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following adverse effects are primarily associated with histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
Which of the following adverse effects are primarily associated with histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the action of antacids when they interact with hydrochloric acid?
What is the action of antacids when they interact with hydrochloric acid?
Signup and view all the answers
In which patient population is it advised to exercise caution when using histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
In which patient population is it advised to exercise caution when using histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary goals of therapy for peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
What is one of the primary goals of therapy for peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of metoclopramide when used for treating gastrointestinal disorders?
What is a characteristic of metoclopramide when used for treating gastrointestinal disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be monitored for patients using histamine-2 receptor antagonists long-term?
What should be monitored for patients using histamine-2 receptor antagonists long-term?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following medications can improve lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone?
Which of the following medications can improve lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of clinical effects are observed with the use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
What type of clinical effects are observed with the use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common side effect of expectorants?
What is a common side effect of expectorants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is diuretics NOT recommended for?
Which condition is diuretics NOT recommended for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of hypokalemia due to diuretics?
What is a potential consequence of hypokalemia due to diuretics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of diuretics generally results in the least potassium loss?
Which type of diuretics generally results in the least potassium loss?
Signup and view all the answers
What adverse effect is typically associated with long-term use of stimulant laxatives?
What adverse effect is typically associated with long-term use of stimulant laxatives?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laxative type should be avoided in patients with renal dysfunction?
Which laxative type should be avoided in patients with renal dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
What action do bulk-producing laxatives have in the intestines?
What action do bulk-producing laxatives have in the intestines?
Signup and view all the answers
What adverse effect can occur with chronic use of lubricant laxatives?
What adverse effect can occur with chronic use of lubricant laxatives?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary action of opiate antidiarrheals?
What is the primary action of opiate antidiarrheals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laxative type is considered safe to use during pregnancy?
Which laxative type is considered safe to use during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse effect is associated with the use of lactulose?
Which adverse effect is associated with the use of lactulose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about thiazide diuretics is true?
Which of the following statements about thiazide diuretics is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a contraindication for the use of stimulant laxatives?
What is a contraindication for the use of stimulant laxatives?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Beta 2 Receptor Agonists
- Bind to β2 smooth muscle cells in the airway, stimulating relaxation and causing bronchodilation via the cyclic AMP pathway.
- Inhibit the release of hypersensitivity mediators, especially from mast cells.
- All have some β1 receptor activity which may lead to side effects.
Beta 2 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacokinetics
- Absorbed from the bronchi.
- Metabolized in the liver.
- Excreted in the urine.
- Available in multiple forms and delivery systems.
- Side effects may include tachycardia and tremors.
- Precautions are needed for patients with arrhythmias, cardiovascular disease, or hyperthyroidism.
Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABA)
- Duration of action: 4-6 hours.
- Examples: Albuterol (Proair, Ventolin, Proventil), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Pirbuterol (Maxair), and Tirbutaline (Brethine).
Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABA)
- Duration of action: 12 hours.
- Examples: Salmeterol (Serevent), Formoterol (Foradil), and Arformoterol (Brovana).
Ultra-Long Acting Beta Agonists (ULABA)
- Duration of action: 24 hours.
- Examples: Indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler), Olodaterol (Striverdi Respimat), and Vilanterol (Breo Ellipta).
Inhaled Anticholinergics
- Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, preventing acetylcholine binding.
- Decrease cyclic GMP formation, reducing smooth muscle contractility in the lungs.
- Poorly absorbed from the lungs and GI tract.
- 90% of the dose is excreted in feces while 10% is metabolized by hydrolysis.
- Side effects may include dry mouth, cough, and headache.
- Precautions are needed for patients with urinary retention, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or angle-closure glaucoma.
Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (SAMA)
- Duration of action: 4–6 hours.
- Example: Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), and Ipratropium bromide/albuterol (Combivent).
Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA)
- Duration of action: 12 hours or longer.
- Examples: Tiotroprium bromide (Spiriva Handihaler and Spiriva Respimat).
- Aclidinium bromide (Tudorza Pressair), Umeclidinium bromide (Incruse Ellipta), and Revefenacin (Yupelri).
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline inhibits phosphodiesterases, leading to increased cAMP and bronchodilation.
- Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and pulmonary vessels.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Inhibit IgE and mast cell migration to the bronchial mucosa.
- Reduce late-phase allergic reactions.
- Rapidly absorbed from the lungs and GI tract.
- Less than a fourth of the dose deposits in the lungs.
- Swallowed portions undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, and most is excreted in urine and feces.
- Side effects may include xerostomia (dry mouth), hoarseness, mouth irritation, dysgeusia (altered taste), and oral candidiasis.
- Precautions: HPA suppression, growth inhibition in children, and contraindication in status asthmaticus (severe asthma).
- Highest to Lowest Potency: Fluticasone furoate, mometasone furoate, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate, ciclesonide, and budesonide.
Leukotriene Modifiers
- Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators causing bronchospasm, hyperresponsiveness, and vascular leakage.
- Montelukast (Singulair) inhibits cysteinyl leukotriene receptors.
- Zileuton (Zyflo) inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, preventing leukotriene formation
- Both may cause headache and other neuropsychiatric effects.
Antihistamines
- Block histamine action at H1 receptors, decreasing respiratory, vascular, and GI smooth muscle constriction and capillary permeability.
- First generation: non-selective for central and peripheral H1 receptors (e.g., diphenhydramine).
- Second generation: selective for peripheral H1 receptors (e.g., cetirizine, loratadine).
- Side effects include sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, and tremors.
- Precautions: First generation drugs can have paradoxical CNS stimulation in children, contraindicated in newborns or in premature babies with BPH, narrow-angle glaucoma.
Nasal Corticosteroids
- Mechanisms of action similar to inhaled corticosteroids, resulting in nasal congestion relief.
- Side effects include nasal irritation, itching, sneezing, dryness, and epistaxis.
- Examples: Olopatadine (Patanase), Fluticasone, Budesonide, Triamcinolone, Ciclesonide, and Mometasone.
Decongestants
- Alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists are used to constrict nasal blood vessels and reduce nasal congestion.
- Examples: Oral – Pseudoephedrine, Phenylephrine, and Topical – Oxymetazoline, Tetrahydrozoline.
- Side effects can include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, dry mouth, burning, stinging, sneezing in topical application.
Antitussives
- Codeine, Dextromethorphan, and Benzonatate act on cough receptors in the medulla to increase cough threshold, or by anesthetizing the receptors.
- Side effects may include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea.
- Precautions are needed in respiratory disease patients and those with allergies.
Expectorants
- Guafenesin decreases mucin production in the airways, making mucus thinner.
- Used to treat respiratory infections with thick sputum.
- Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Diuretics
- First-line therapy for hypertension and heart failure, affecting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney.
- Side effects include electrolyte imbalances—hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypomagnesemia.
- Hypokalemia can lead to metabolic alkalosis.
- Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide) and thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide) are used.
- Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone) may also be used.
- Precautions: Avoid in patients with severe hypertension, cardiovascular conditions, and those on MAOI therapy.
Laxatives
- Stimulants: cascara, senna, bisacodyl, castor oil
- Osmotics: magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, sodium phosphate, PEG 3350
- Lubricants: mineral oil
- Bulk producing: psyllium, methylcellulose, polycarbophil
- Surfactants: docusate sodium, calcium, and potassium, lubiprostone, methylnaltrexone
Antidiarrheals
- Absorbents: kaolin and pectin, bismuth subsalicylate
- Opiates: diphenoxylate, difenoxin, loperamide
Antiemetics
- Antihistamines: dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, meclizine
- Phenothiazines: prochlorperazine, perphenazine, promethazine
- 5-HT3 Receptor antagonists: palonosetron, ondansetron, dolasetron mesylate, granisetron
- Cannabinoids
- Others
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the pharmacology of Beta 2 receptor agonists, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and classifications like short-acting and long-acting types. Explore their side effects, examples, and the importance of precautions for specific patient groups in respiratory treatments.
