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Questions and Answers
What is a potential side effect of using diuretics for hypertension management?
What is a potential side effect of using diuretics for hypertension management?
Which class of diuretics is known for having short-acting yet powerful effects?
Which class of diuretics is known for having short-acting yet powerful effects?
Which of the following laxative classes is contraindicated in the presence of bowel obstruction?
Which of the following laxative classes is contraindicated in the presence of bowel obstruction?
What is a common reason for using aldosterone antagonists in hypertension management?
What is a common reason for using aldosterone antagonists in hypertension management?
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Which side effect is most likely associated with thiazide diuretics?
Which side effect is most likely associated with thiazide diuretics?
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Stimulant laxatives are primarily used to treat which of the following conditions?
Stimulant laxatives are primarily used to treat which of the following conditions?
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What condition is a contraindication for the use of opioids as antidiarrheal agents?
What condition is a contraindication for the use of opioids as antidiarrheal agents?
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Which of the following laxatives is indicated for chronic constipation and fecal impaction?
Which of the following laxatives is indicated for chronic constipation and fecal impaction?
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What is a serious risk associated with the chronic use of absorbent drugs for diarrhea management?
What is a serious risk associated with the chronic use of absorbent drugs for diarrhea management?
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What is the primary mechanism through which beta 2 receptor agonists cause bronchodilation?
What is the primary mechanism through which beta 2 receptor agonists cause bronchodilation?
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Laxatives can cause which of the following electrolyte imbalances?
Laxatives can cause which of the following electrolyte imbalances?
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Which of the following side effects is specifically associated with the use of spironolactone?
Which of the following side effects is specifically associated with the use of spironolactone?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect commonly associated with beta 2 receptor agonists?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect commonly associated with beta 2 receptor agonists?
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What is a significant concern when administering inhaled corticosteroids at high doses to children?
What is a significant concern when administering inhaled corticosteroids at high doses to children?
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What type of laxative is lactulose classified as?
What type of laxative is lactulose classified as?
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What distinguishes Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA) from Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (SAMA)?
What distinguishes Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA) from Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (SAMA)?
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Which diuretic class is specifically indicated for the management of hypertension and has longer-lasting effects with less diuresis?
Which diuretic class is specifically indicated for the management of hypertension and has longer-lasting effects with less diuresis?
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In which condition is loperamide contraindicated?
In which condition is loperamide contraindicated?
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What is the main contraindication for using montelukast?
What is the main contraindication for using montelukast?
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What is the main action of chloride channel activators in treating chronic constipation?
What is the main action of chloride channel activators in treating chronic constipation?
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Which pharmacokinetic feature is characteristic of methylxanthines?
Which pharmacokinetic feature is characteristic of methylxanthines?
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What is a major concern when using diphenoxylate and difenoxin in children?
What is a major concern when using diphenoxylate and difenoxin in children?
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Which drug used to treat chronic diarrhea in IBS is contraindicated in patients with a history of biliary disorders?
Which drug used to treat chronic diarrhea in IBS is contraindicated in patients with a history of biliary disorders?
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Which type of antihistamines is known to cause sedation?
Which type of antihistamines is known to cause sedation?
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What is a common side effect associated with inhaled anticholinergics?
What is a common side effect associated with inhaled anticholinergics?
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Which of the following can lead to unexpected agitation in the pediatric population when used as an antiemetic?
Which of the following can lead to unexpected agitation in the pediatric population when used as an antiemetic?
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What adverse effect is most associated with the prolonged use of phenothiazines?
What adverse effect is most associated with the prolonged use of phenothiazines?
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Which of the following decongestants is known for causing burning or stinging sensations?
Which of the following decongestants is known for causing burning or stinging sensations?
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Codeine is classified under which category of antitussives?
Codeine is classified under which category of antitussives?
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What significant complication may occur from using 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
What significant complication may occur from using 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
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Which leukotriene modifier is known to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?
Which leukotriene modifier is known to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?
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Which cannabinoid is specifically used to treat N/V due to chemotherapy when other agents have failed?
Which cannabinoid is specifically used to treat N/V due to chemotherapy when other agents have failed?
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What is the primary action of scopolamine as an antiemetic?
What is the primary action of scopolamine as an antiemetic?
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What is the primary action of nasal corticosteroids?
What is the primary action of nasal corticosteroids?
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What potential side effect does dextromethorphan share with codeine?
What potential side effect does dextromethorphan share with codeine?
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Which adverse effect is particularly associated with the misuse of cannabinoids in patients?
Which adverse effect is particularly associated with the misuse of cannabinoids in patients?
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What is the primary benefit of guaifenesin in respiratory therapy?
What is the primary benefit of guaifenesin in respiratory therapy?
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What is a common adverse effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
What is a common adverse effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
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Which class of antiemetics is contraindicated in patients with Parkinson’s disease?
Which class of antiemetics is contraindicated in patients with Parkinson’s disease?
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What adverse effect is not common with short-term use of phenothiazines?
What adverse effect is not common with short-term use of phenothiazines?
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Which of the following statements regarding antihistamines used in antiemetics is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding antihistamines used in antiemetics is accurate?
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What is a particular contraindication for the use of aprepitant in antiemetic therapy?
What is a particular contraindication for the use of aprepitant in antiemetic therapy?
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What is a primary action of Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists in the treatment of gastric conditions?
What is a primary action of Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists in the treatment of gastric conditions?
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Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with cimetidine?
Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with cimetidine?
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What is a reported cognitive effect of H2RAs in the older population?
What is a reported cognitive effect of H2RAs in the older population?
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What condition is primarily targeted for elimination in the treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
What condition is primarily targeted for elimination in the treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
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Why is metoclopramide not used as monotherapy for GERD treatment?
Why is metoclopramide not used as monotherapy for GERD treatment?
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What is the primary benefit of PPIs over H2RAs in treating gastric acid-related conditions?
What is the primary benefit of PPIs over H2RAs in treating gastric acid-related conditions?
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What monitoring is recommended for patients on long-term H2RA therapy?
What monitoring is recommended for patients on long-term H2RA therapy?
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What is one of the primary goals of GERD therapy?
What is one of the primary goals of GERD therapy?
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Which of the following is a prokinetic agent mentioned in the context of GERD therapy?
Which of the following is a prokinetic agent mentioned in the context of GERD therapy?
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Which of the following lifestyle modifications can help manage GERD symptoms?
Which of the following lifestyle modifications can help manage GERD symptoms?
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Which aspect is important when considering the prescription of H2RAs to pregnant patients?
Which aspect is important when considering the prescription of H2RAs to pregnant patients?
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What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in treating GERD?
What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in treating GERD?
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What adverse effects can result from long-term use of H2RAs?
What adverse effects can result from long-term use of H2RAs?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of PPIs?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of PPIs?
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What should be avoided when prescribing antacids for patients with renal failure?
What should be avoided when prescribing antacids for patients with renal failure?
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Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are generally considered second-line therapy for which of the following conditions?
Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are generally considered second-line therapy for which of the following conditions?
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Which nonpharmacologic therapy is recommended for patients with GERD?
Which nonpharmacologic therapy is recommended for patients with GERD?
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What is a potential consequence of long-term PPI use?
What is a potential consequence of long-term PPI use?
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What is one important consideration in the use of antacids as a treatment for GERD?
What is one important consideration in the use of antacids as a treatment for GERD?
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Which statement about the use of prokinetic agents in GERD treatment is true?
Which statement about the use of prokinetic agents in GERD treatment is true?
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What is a key action of antacids in the treatment of GERD?
What is a key action of antacids in the treatment of GERD?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of prolonged PPI therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of prolonged PPI therapy?
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In patients with GERD, which drug class is primarily used as first-line therapy for managing frequent symptoms?
In patients with GERD, which drug class is primarily used as first-line therapy for managing frequent symptoms?
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What is a significant risk associated with combining medications with antacids?
What is a significant risk associated with combining medications with antacids?
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Study Notes
Beta 2 Receptor Agonists
- Bind to β2 smooth muscle cells in the airway, causing bronchodilation via cyclic AMP pathway
- Inhibit release of hypersensitivity mediators, especially from mast cells
- Some β1 receptor activity which causes side effects
- Absorbed from the bronchi, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in the urine. Multiple forms and delivery systems exist.
- Side effects include tachycardia and tremors. Precautions should be taken in patients with arrhythmias, cardiovascular disease, or hyperthyroidism.
Beta 2 Receptor Agonists Classifications
-
Short Acting Beta Agonists (SABA): 4-6 hours
- Albuterol (Proair, Ventolin, Proventil)
- Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
- Pirbuterol (Maxair)
- Tirbutaline (Brethine)
-
Long Acting Beta Agonists (LABA): 12 hours
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Formoterol (Foradil)
- Arformoterol (Brovana)
-
Ultra Long Acting Beta Agonists (ULABA): 24 hours
- Indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler)
- Olodaterol (Striverdi Respimat)
- Vilanterol (Breo Ellipta) (in combination with ICS only)
Inhaled Anticholinergics
- Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors by antagonizing acetylcholine, decreasing cyclic GMP formation, and reducing smooth muscle contractility in the lungs
- Poorly absorbed from the lungs and GI tract. 90% of the dose is excreted in feces, while 10% is metabolized by hydrolysis.
- Side effects include dry mouth, cough, and headache. Precautions include avoiding use in patients with urinary retention, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or closed-angle glaucoma.
Other Considerations
- Should not be used for acute bronchospasm unless combined with albuterol.
- Short and Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (SAMA/LAMA)
- Short Acting (SAMA): Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), Ipratropium bromide/albuterol (Combivent), 4-6 hours
- Long Acting (LAMA)
- Tiotroprium bromide (Spiriva Handihaler/Respimat), 24 hours
- Aclidinium bromide (Tudorza Pressair), 12 hours
- Umeclidinium bromide (Incruse Ellipta), 24 hours
- Revefenacin (Yupelri), 24 hours (nebulized)
- Important considerations for all of the above drugs include possible interactions and side effects, and precautions for specific patient populations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Beta 2 receptor agonists and their classifications, including short-acting, long-acting, and ultra-long-acting types. Understand their mechanism of action, side effects, and precautions for use in patients with various conditions.
