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Questions and Answers
What is primarily considered the central mediator in Social Cognitive Theory?
Which of the following factors is NOT directly influenced by the physical environment in relation to sedentary behavior?
According to Social Cognitive Theory, which type of expectation influences behavior apart from physical and social expectations?
What does the concept of Triadic Reciprocal Determinism imply in Social Cognitive Theory?
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Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true according to Albert Bandura?
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What is the tomato effect in medicine?
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What major health risk related to inactivity was noted by the World Health Organization in 2009?
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Which decade is credited with the origin of modern fitness concepts like jogging and Jazzercise?
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What is the main focus of exercise psychology?
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Which of the following falls under the professional applications of exercise psychology?
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According to research, what is likely the single best prescription for health benefits across all ages?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding exercises' impact on health?
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Which aspect does NOT typically fall under the study of exercise psychology?
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How does socioeconomic status affect physical activity levels?
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Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation in the context of exercise?
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What role does self-efficacy play in exercise behavior?
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Which factor is commonly associated with higher rates of exercise participation?
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How do cultural factors influence exercise habits?
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What is a significant impact of perceived barriers on exercise participation?
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Which psychosocial aspect is likely to promote regular exercise among individuals?
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What is a key factor in determining future activity levels based on past behavior?
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Which of the following accurately defines sedentary behavior?
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What is the energy expenditure range for light or mild physical activity?
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Which of the following activities is NOT considered sedentary behavior?
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Which of the following factors contributes to increased sedentary behavior among older adults?
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What term is used to describe duration spent on television watching, passive video gaming, and using devices during leisure time?
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Which psychological factor is mentioned as contributing to sedentary behavior?
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How does socioeconomic status correlate with sedentary behavior?
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Is sedentarism the same as not getting enough exercise?
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Which of the following factors is NOT included in the health belief model as a determinant for compliance with preventative health measures?
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What is meant by perceived susceptibility in the context of the health belief model?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the health belief model?
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What does 'self-efficacy' refer to within the health belief model?
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Which construct refers to the perceived advantages of engaging in a health-related behavior?
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According to the health belief model, which of the following would contribute to a person's likelihood to engage in preventative health behavior?
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What factors might influence an individual's perception of barriers to health behavior?
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Which of the following best describes perceived severity in the health belief model?
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What role do 'cues to action' play in the health belief model?
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Which of the following statements aligns with the health belief model's perspective?
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Which theory primarily addresses the reasons behind an individual's reluctance to participate in preventative health measures?
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In the health belief model, which of the following influences an individual's perceived likelihood of success with a health behavior?
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How do perceived benefits and perceived barriers typically interact in an individual's decision-making process regarding health behaviors?
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Which motivational theory emphasizes intrinsic motivation and psychological needs for exercising?
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Study Notes
Tomato Effect
- The "tomato effect" occurs when a potentially effective treatment is ignored or rejected because it doesn't align with accepted theories.
- This term originates from the historical belief that tomatoes were poisonous, even though they are edible.
- It highlights the importance of considering new evidence, even when it contradicts existing knowledge.
Exercise Trends
- While exercise is prevalent today, it wasn't always a widespread trend.
- Fitness as we know it today emerged vaguely in the 70s, with activities like jogging and Jazzercise becoming popular.
Benefits of Exercise
- Research shows that exercise benefits all systems in the body.
- It is considered the best prescription for good health across all ages.
- Regular exercise is a cornerstone for achieving optimal health.
Importance of Exercise
- The World Health Organization (WHO) identified physical inactivity as one of the top five global risk factors for mortality in 2009.
- The five leading risk factors are: high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood glucose, physical inactivity, and overweight/obesity.
Exercise Psychology
- This field of psychology examines the impact of psychological factors on exercise, physical activity, and sports performance.
- It aims to understand how mental aspects influence individuals' exercise habits, sports performance, and overall well-being related to exercise.
- Exercise psychologists often work with athletes, individuals pursuing fitness goals, and those with health conditions.
- They apply psychological techniques to assist people in achieving their fitness targets while improving their mental health.
Factors Influencing Exercise Behavior
- Gender: Exercise participation can vary between genders, with men and women sometimes engaging in different types and levels of activity.
- Socioeconomic Status: Income, education, and occupation can influence access to resources, facilities, and opportunities for exercise.
- Health Status & Medical Conditions: Chronic health conditions (e.g., diabetes, arthritis) can affect exercise choices and capabilities.
- Physical Fitness: Individuals with higher fitness levels are more likely to participate in regular exercise.
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Psychological Factors:
- Motivation: Intrinsic motivation (e.g., enjoyment) and extrinsic motivation (e.g., fitness goals) influence exercise behavior.
- Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to maintain an exercise routine is a strong predictor of actually doing so.
- Perceived Barriers: Perception of obstacles (e.g., lack of time, access to facilities) can hinder engagement in exercise.
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Social & Environmental Factors:
- Social Support: Having a supportive network (friends, family) that encourages physical activity is a powerful motivator.
- Built Environment: Accessibility of parks, sidewalks, and recreational facilities impacts exercise opportunities.
- Neighborhood Safety: Perceived or actual safety concerns can discourage outdoor physical activity.
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Behavioral Factors:
- Sedentary Behavior: Prolonged inactivity can make exercise less likely.
- Previous Exercise Habits: Past exercise patterns predict future activity levels.
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Psychosocial Factors:
- Body Image & Self-esteem: Positive body image and self-esteem can increase exercise likelihood.
- Stress & Mental Health: Exercise is viewed as a stress coping mechanism and can be influenced by mental health status.
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Knowledge & Education:
- Health Knowledge: Awareness of the health benefits of exercise promotes motivation to be active.
- Physical Education & Sports Participation: Exposure to these in school can influence lifelong exercise habits.
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Cultural & Social Norms:
- Cultural Factors: Cultural values and norms shape attitudes towards physical activity.
- Social Norms: Perceptions of what constitutes "normal" behavior within a group can affect exercise choices.
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Technology & Media Influence:
- Access to Fitness Apps, Wearable Devices, & Online Content: These resources can influence exercise behavior.
- Media Portrayal: Media representations of physical activity impact perceptions and motivation.
Sedentary Behavior
- Characterized by low physical movement and energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5 METs while in a seated or reclining position.
- Includes activities like: technology use, socializing, travel, work/school.
Screen Time
- This refers to the duration of television watching, playing passive video games, and using mobile devices and computers.
Recreational Screen Time
- Specifically refers to television watching, passive video game playing, computer use, or other screen use during sedentary leisure time.
Light or Mild Physical Activity
- Involves energy expenditure of 1.6 to 2.9 METs and is sometimes mistakenly grouped with sedentary behavior.
- Examples include slow walking, cooking, washing dishes.
Distinguishing Sedentarism from Insufficient Exercise
- Sitting is not a substitute for enough exercise.
- "Inactive behavior" or "physical inactivity" typically describes those who don't engage in enough moderate to vigorous physical activity.
Correlates of Sedentary Behavior
- Age: Sedentary behavior increases with age.
- Occupation: Jobs requiring prolonged sitting are linked to higher levels of sedentary behavior.
- Screen Time: Excessive screen time, including watching TV, using computers, and smartphones, is a major correlate.
- Socioeconomic Status: People with lower socioeconomic status may have limited access to exercise facilities or resources.
- Physical Health: Individuals with chronic health conditions that limit mobility are more likely to be sedentary.
- Psychological Factors: Stress, depression, and lack of motivation can contribute to sedentary behavior.
- Built Environment: Living in areas without safe or accessible physical activity spaces can lead to more sedentary behavior.
- Social Support: Lack of social support for physical activity can be a correlate.
- Cultural & Environmental Factors: Cultural norms and the physical environment of a region can influence sedentary behavior.
- Technology Use: The availability and use of sedentary entertainment options like video games and streaming services can impact behavior.
Theoretical Models for Exercise and Sedentary Behavior
Social Cognitive Theory
- This model centers on the concept of self-efficacy, which refers to belief in one's ability to execute actions necessary for achieving desired outcomes.
- Self-efficacy is a key driver for behavior, according to Albert Bandura, who developed the theory.
- The model also incorporates sociostructural factors, outcome expectations, and goals.
Triadic Reciprocal Determinism
- This is the central concept of social cognitive theory, suggesting that behavior is influenced by a reciprocal interplay between personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors.
Motivational Theories
- The following theories are applicable to exercise and sedentary behavior:
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Health Belief Model: This model suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in preventative health behaviors if they:
- Perceive themselves as susceptible to the illness.
- View the illness as severe.
- Believe the preventative regimen is effective.
- See few barriers in undertaking the regimen.
- Protection Motivation Theory: This theory highlights the importance of perceived threat and coping appraisal in motivating behavior change. It postulates that threat appraisal (severity and susceptibility) and coping appraisal (response efficacy and self-efficacy) influence intentions to engage in protective behaviors.
- Self-Determination Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation, autonomy, competence, and relatedness in promoting self-directed behavior change. It suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that are freely chosen, provide a sense of accomplishment, and contribute to their sense of connectedness to others.
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Health Belief Model: This model suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in preventative health behaviors if they:
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Description
Explore the significant advantages of regular exercise and how exercise trends have evolved over the decades. This quiz addresses the 'tomato effect' in health treatments and highlights the critical role of exercise in maintaining optimal health. Test your knowledge on the importance of physical activity and its recognition by organizations like WHO.
