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Questions and Answers
What term describes the observable and measurable characteristics of an individual?
What term describes the observable and measurable characteristics of an individual?
What is the primary distinction between alleles?
What is the primary distinction between alleles?
How many chromosomes do humans possess in total?
How many chromosomes do humans possess in total?
What is the role of the unconscious mind in behavior according to the concept of dual track mind?
What is the role of the unconscious mind in behavior according to the concept of dual track mind?
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What are sex chromosomes responsible for determining?
What are sex chromosomes responsible for determining?
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What does epigenetics primarily study?
What does epigenetics primarily study?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of early childhood trauma according to research?
Which of the following best describes the impact of early childhood trauma according to research?
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Within the domains of development, which one specifically addresses the changes in thinking and reasoning skills?
Within the domains of development, which one specifically addresses the changes in thinking and reasoning skills?
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What fundamental issue questions whether an individual can be more sensitive to certain experiences at specific times?
What fundamental issue questions whether an individual can be more sensitive to certain experiences at specific times?
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Which statement is true regarding the nature and nurture debate in development psychology?
Which statement is true regarding the nature and nurture debate in development psychology?
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Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and severe punishments?
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and severe punishments?
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What type of temperament is most likely to form a secure attachment?
What type of temperament is most likely to form a secure attachment?
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In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary focus of the first stage?
In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary focus of the first stage?
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Which type of parenting allows a child to have no rules or boundaries?
Which type of parenting allows a child to have no rules or boundaries?
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What is a common characteristic of children with a 'difficult' temperament?
What is a common characteristic of children with a 'difficult' temperament?
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Which parenting style is considered the best for fostering secure attachment?
Which parenting style is considered the best for fostering secure attachment?
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What may lead to insecure attachment during the first two years of life?
What may lead to insecure attachment during the first two years of life?
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Which of the following describes parents who cannot enforce rules effectively?
Which of the following describes parents who cannot enforce rules effectively?
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What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What is meant by 'contact comfort' in attachment theory?
What is meant by 'contact comfort' in attachment theory?
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What does the Strange Situation Test evaluate?
What does the Strange Situation Test evaluate?
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What is 'separation anxiety' in infants?
What is 'separation anxiety' in infants?
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Which of the following best describes 'insecure attachment'?
Which of the following best describes 'insecure attachment'?
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What role do mirror neurons play in social interaction?
What role do mirror neurons play in social interaction?
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Which type of attachment is characterized by positive reunion behaviors?
Which type of attachment is characterized by positive reunion behaviors?
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How does imprinting differ from general attachment?
How does imprinting differ from general attachment?
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What is the primary disadvantage of longitudinal research design?
What is the primary disadvantage of longitudinal research design?
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During which sensitive period is trust primarily developed?
During which sensitive period is trust primarily developed?
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What typically characterizes the germinal period of prenatal development?
What typically characterizes the germinal period of prenatal development?
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Which research design assesses multiple age groups at the same time?
Which research design assesses multiple age groups at the same time?
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What happens to the cells at the end of the germinal period?
What happens to the cells at the end of the germinal period?
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What is a primary feature of cohort effects in research?
What is a primary feature of cohort effects in research?
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What forms when the egg is fertilized by a sperm?
What forms when the egg is fertilized by a sperm?
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Which of the following is considered an advantage of cross-sectional design?
Which of the following is considered an advantage of cross-sectional design?
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What is the primary focus of the stage characterized by 'Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt'?
What is the primary focus of the stage characterized by 'Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt'?
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In the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage, what is crucial for children's development?
In the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage, what is crucial for children's development?
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What may occur if a child does not successfully navigate the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?
What may occur if a child does not successfully navigate the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?
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What challenge do individuals face in the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
What challenge do individuals face in the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
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What is a common outcome for those who do not resolve their identity crisis during the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
What is a common outcome for those who do not resolve their identity crisis during the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
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What does the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage primarily involve?
What does the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage primarily involve?
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What happens if an individual does not successfully pass through the 'Mistrust vs. Trust' stage?
What happens if an individual does not successfully pass through the 'Mistrust vs. Trust' stage?
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During which stage do individuals commonly face the question, 'Did I live a full life?'?
During which stage do individuals commonly face the question, 'Did I live a full life?'?
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Study Notes
Behavioral Genetics
- Dual track mind: unconscious mind influences behavior and decision-making, conscious mind also influences behavior.
- Genotype: an individual's genetic profile
- Phenotype: observable/measurable characteristics
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- Chromosomes are long, twisted strands of DNA, last pair are sex chromosomes (XX-female, XY-male).
- Genes are segments of chromosomes, basic units of heredity.
- Alleles: different versions of a gene, dominant and recessive.
- Sex-linked traits (X-linked) are controlled by genes on the X chromosome.
Environmental Influences
- Parents greatly influence children's development during early years.
- Peers are highly influential during adolescence.
- Culture transmits behaviors, ideas, and traditions.
- Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals, collectivist cultures prioritize group goals.
- Family studies investigate the role of family genes.
Twin Studies
- Concordance rates of identical (MZ) vs fraternal (DZ) twins studied to determine the role of nature vs nurture.
Epigenetic Influences
- Study of heritable changes to genes without changes to the DNA sequence, examining how experiences affect gene expression.
- Examined using mice studies.
- Maternal rats licking their pups resulted in differential gene expression related to stress responses.
Prenatal Development
- Zygote: fertilized egg
- 3 periods:
- Germinal (conception - 2 weeks): Begins at conception and ends with implantation. Includes ectopic pregnancy (implantation outside the uterus).
- Embryonic (3-8 weeks): Foundation of major systems, most vulnerable period of prenatal development.
- Fetal (9 weeks-birth): Systems and organs continue developing. Teratogens (chemicals, viruses) can harm the embryo or fetus.
Developmental Psychology
- Study of changes in people from conception to death.
- Domains: Physical (body/brain, motor, sensory), Cognitive (thinking, reasoning, problem solving), Socio-Emotional (forming bonds, personality).
- Fundamental Issues: Nature vs nurture, continuous vs discontinuous development, critical/sensitive periods.
- Attachment is essential (first 6 months-2 years), developing trust and language skills.
Research Methods
- Longitudinal design: follows one group over time.
- Cross-sectional design: compares different age groups at one time.
- Cross-sequential design: combines longitudinal and cross-sectional.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Theory: Cognitive development occurs in stages, with schemas (understandings) being adapted with assimilation (fit new info to existing schema) and accommodation (change in schema).
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and actions, developing object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children use symbols, but lack logical reasoning (egocentric).
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years): Understand conservation (properties remain the same), logical thought is formed through concrete experiences.
- Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): Abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning abilities develop.
Adolescent Egocentrism
- Feelings that everyone is judging them.
- Imagining audience - feeling that everyone is observing them.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's Theory: Moral reasoning is influenced by cognitive development. Proposed three levels of moral development:
- Preconventional: Guided by self-interest.
- Conventional: Guided by rules and social approval.
- Postconventional: Guided by ethical principles.
Temperament
- Temperament: Biological differences in personality or mood that influence the quality of attachment formation. Temperament is part of socio-emotional development.
- Easy
- Difficult
- Slow to warm up
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
- In this theory, he believed that social relationships are essential for survival.
- Proposed 8 stages:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 1 year)
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 - 3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 5 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (5 - 12 years)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18 years)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 - 40 years).
Attachment
- Emotional bond between infant and caregiver. Developed by Mary Ainsworth using the "Strange Situation" test.
- Attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: strict rules and punishments.
- Permissive: lenient and few rules.
- Authoritative: balanced and supportive.
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Description
Explore the fascinating intersection of genetics and behavior in this quiz on behavioral genetics. Delve into concepts such as genotype, phenotype, and the influence of environmental factors like culture and family. Additionally, analyze the implications of twin studies on understanding hereditary influences.
