Behavioral Genetics Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the field of epigenetics study?

  • Changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
  • Genetic disorders that are inherited from parents.
  • The physical development of organisms during their lifespan.
  • Heritable changes caused by the activation or deactivation of genes. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a domain of development in developmental psychology?

  • Socialization (correct)
  • Cognitive
  • Physical
  • Socio-Emotional

What is a key characteristic of sex-linked traits?

  • They are inherited equally by both sexes.
  • They are only present in female offspring.
  • They affect males more than females. (correct)
  • They are controlled by genes on the Y chromosome.

Which statement best describes the nature vs. nurture debate in development?

<p>Development results from a combination of genetic and environmental influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental influences shift during development?

<p>Peer influence becomes highly significant during teenage years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts gene expression according to epigenetic studies?

<p>Maternal behaviors such as grooming and nurturing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral genetic designs, what is the primary purpose of twin studies?

<p>To evaluate the genetic and environmental contributions to traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'critical periods' in development?

<p>Certain stages of development are especially susceptible to environmental experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of identical twins?

<p>They share 100% of their genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a collectivist culture?

<p>It focuses on the goals and values of the group as a whole. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Mirror Neuron system typically function in those with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Less activity leading to poor imitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does separation anxiety generally begin to manifest in infants?

<p>6-12 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's surrogate mother experiments reveal about infant attachment?

<p>Infants seek comfort over basic needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of imprinting as described by Konrad Lorenz?

<p>Ducklings following the first moving object they see (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Strange Situation Test, what does extreme separation anxiety indicate?

<p>Insecure attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment is characterized by seeking closeness and mild anxiety in new environments?

<p>Secure attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment behavior might be exhibited by a child who does not respond to the mother's return?

<p>Insecure avoidant attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of prenatal development does the zygote implant into the uterus?

<p>Germinal period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of longitudinal research designs?

<p>High possibility of participant attrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensitive periods for learning language indicate that failure to learn a language before what age makes it impossible to learn one later?

<p>12 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design involves following the same group of individuals over time?

<p>Longitudinal design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?

<p>The fertilized egg undergoes differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of cross-sectional research designs?

<p>Offers quick and cost-effective analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of implantation results in an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Implantation in the fallopian tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cohort effects in research designs refer to?

<p>Influences from shared experiences among a group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Authoritarian Parenting?

<p>Strict rules with severe punishments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament is most likely to form a secure attachment?

<p>Easy temperament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of Permissive Parenting?

<p>Parents who are always there and parents who can't say no (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson’s theory emphasize about psychosocial development?

<p>Social relationships are vital for survival and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is considered the best and leads to secure attachment?

<p>Authoritative Parenting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of a child with a Difficult temperament?

<p>Irregular eating and sleeping habits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development typically associated with?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style potentially leads to insecure attachment due to lack of rules?

<p>Permissive Parenting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional challenge faced during the stage of Mistrust?

<p>Creating trust in caregivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do parents need to encourage during the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage?

<p>A sense of independence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for a child to develop during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

<p>Capacity to begin activities and lead (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, what is important for children to feel?

<p>Mastery of new skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do individuals face during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

<p>Feeling inadequate in their roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development?

<p>Forming meaningful relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals reflect on during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

<p>Contributions to society and future generations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state can result from unresolved identity issues during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

<p>Feelings of isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epigenetics

The study of how an organism's genes can be activated or deactivated without changing the DNA sequence, resulting in changes in traits.

Developmental Psychology

The scientific study of how people change throughout their lives from conception to death.

Physical Development

Changes in the body, brain, motor skills, and sensory abilities that occur as a person ages.

Cognitive Development

Improvements in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving skills as a person develops.

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Socio-emotional Development

The development of emotional ties, personality, and social interactions.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Traits that are controlled by genes located on the X chromosome.

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Carrier

A person who carries a recessive gene for a trait but does not display the trait themselves.

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Gene-Environment Interaction

When the effects of genes and environment interact to influence a trait.

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Twin Studies

Studies that compare the concordance rates of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins for a particular trait.

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Adoption Studies

Research that examines the influence of both biological and adoptive families on individuals' traits.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder characterized by significant difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive behaviors and fixed interests.

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Mirror Neurons

Brain cells that activate both when you perform an action and when you observe someone else doing the same action.

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Attachment

A strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, typically formed early in life.

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Separation Anxiety

Distress displayed by an infant when their caregiver leaves their immediate environment.

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Stranger Anxiety

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display.

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Contact Comfort

The preference for physical contact with a soft, comforting object, even over basic needs like food.

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Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during a critical period early in life.

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Strange Situation Test

A research method used to assess the quality of attachment between a child and their caregiver, involving a series of separations and reunions.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by strict rules, severe punishments, and a lack of warmth or responsiveness.

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Permissive Parenting

A parenting style characterized by a lack of rules and boundaries, and a high level of permissiveness.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by clear rules and expectations, but also warmth, responsiveness, and open communication.

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Temperament

The innate biological and behavioral characteristics of a child that influence how they interact with the world, impacting attachment.

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Easy Temperament

A child with a temperament characterized by regular sleeping and eating patterns, easy adaptability, and a positive mood.

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Difficult Temperament

A child with a temperament characterized by irregular sleeping and eating patterns, difficulty adapting to change, and a negative mood.

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Slow to Warm Up Temperament

A child with a temperament characterized by initial withdrawal and caution, but who eventually warms up to new people and experiences.

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Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

A theory of psychosocial development that emphasizes the importance of social relationships across the lifespan.

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Sensitive Periods

A specific time period in development when an individual is highly susceptible to environmental influences, and if these experiences are missed, the ability to develop certain skills may be permanently impaired.

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Trust

The ability to trust others, formed during the first year of life through consistent, responsive caregiving.

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Longitudinal Design

A research method that monitors one group of individuals over a long period, tracking their development at different ages.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design that studies multiple age groups at a single point in time, comparing their differences.

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Cohort Effects

An effect in cross-sectional studies that arises from the specific historical experiences shared by a particular age group.

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Germinal Period

The initial stage of prenatal development, lasting from conception to implantation, characterized by cell division and differentiation.

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Zygote

A fertilized egg that contains all the genetic material from both parents.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where infants develop trust in their caregivers and the world based on their interactions. This stage is crucial for a sense of security.

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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

During this stage, toddlers develop a sense of independence and autonomy, learning to do things on their own. If over-controlled, they can experience shame and doubt.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

This stage focuses on a child's desire to take initiative and explore the world. They learn through play and interaction with others. A lack of support can lead to feelings of guilt.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

During this stage, children learn new skills in school, developing competence and a sense of industry. If they fail to master tasks, they may feel inferior.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

This stage involves a search for identity, where teenagers figure out who they are, their values, and their place in the world. Failure to navigate this can lead to role confusion.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

This stage emphasizes building intimate relationships and finding love and commitment. Unresolved identity issues can lead to isolation or difficulty forming meaningful attachments.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Individuals in this stage contemplate their accomplishments and contributions to society. They aim to leave a lasting legacy, raising children or contributing to the community. Lack of fulfillment here can lead to a sense of stagnation.

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Integrity vs. Despair

The final stage of Erikson's theory where individuals reflect on their life and consider their sense of integrity. Accomplishments, relationships, and values are all reviewed. A lack of acceptance of life's choices can lead to despair.

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Study Notes

Behavioral Genetics

  • Unconscious mind influences behavior and mental processes, making decisions.
  • Conscious mind also influences behavior.
  • Behavioral genetics studies the links between genetics and behavior.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Genotype: An individual's genetic profile.
  • Phenotype: Observable/measurable characteristics.

Genetics

  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
  • Chromosomes are long strands of DNA.
  • Sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine sex:
    • Male: XY
    • Female: XX
  • Genes are segments of chromosomes; they contain instructions to make specific proteins.
  • Alleles are different versions of a gene; they can lead to various traits.
  • Dominant vs. recessive alleles influence traits.
  • Sex-linked traits are controlled by genes on the X chromosome.

Environmental Influences

  • Parents are influential, especially during childhood.
  • Peers become influential during adolescence.
  • Culture shapes behaviors, ideas, values, and traditions.
  • Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals.
  • Collectivist cultures emphasize group goals.
  • Family studies examine genetic factors within families.

Twin Studies

  • Identical twins (monozygotic) share 100% of their genes.
  • Fraternal twins (dizygotic) share 50% of their genes.
  • Adoption studies compare biological and adopted parents to examine nature vs. nurture.

Epigenetic Influences

  • Changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence (ex. Mice).
  • Influences of experience on genes can affect traits through epigenetic modification.

Developmental Psychology

  • Domains of development:
    • Physical: Changes in body, brain, motor skills, and senses.
    • Cognitive: Improvement in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
    • Socio-emotional: Forming bonds, developing personality.
  • Fundamental issues: Nature vs. nurture, continuous vs. discontinuous development and critical periods.
  • Sensitive periods are periods where individuals are particularly sensitive to environmental experiences.

Prenatal Development

  • Zygote: Fertilized egg.
  • Germinal period: From conception to implantation (1-2 weeks).
  • Embryonic period: From week 3 to week 8 (cell differentiation and organ development).
  • Fetal period: From week 9 to birth (growth of organs and systems).
  • Teratogens are substances that can cause harm to a developing fetus (e.g., alcohol, drugs).

Newborn Abilities

  • Newborn mental and sensory abilities:
    • Mental: Habituation (decreasing response to repeated stimuli).
    • Sensory: Visual acuity (ability to see details is limited).
  • Newborn motor abilities: Reflexes like rooting and sucking; preferences.
    • Touch is critical for newborns.

Physical Development

  • Continuity/Maturation - genetically designed biological processes (motor skills).
  • Brain development - brain changes occur throughout development.
    • Neurogenesis, myelinization, synaptic pruning, and dendritic growth.

Cognitive Development

  • Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
    • Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
    • Schema: Frameworks organize knowledge.
    • Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing knowledge.
    • Accommodation: Modifying schemas to incorporate new information.

Moral Development

  • Kohlberg’s stages of moral development: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.
  • Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg's theory – criticized for being biased toward Western cultures and men.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

  • Stages of psychosocial development: Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair.

Attachment

  • Attachment: A strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver.
  • Attachment types: Secure, Anxious/Ambivalent, Avoidant.
  • Temperament affects the type of attachment a child forms.

Parenting Styles

  • Parenting styles influence attachment: Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative.
  • Parenting styles include the ways in which parents raise their children and the rules that they establish

Key Terms

  • Zygote: Fertilized egg
  • Embryo: Developing organism during the first 8 weeks.
  • Fetus: Developing organism from 9 weeks until birth
  • Teratogens: Substances that can harm the fetus.

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AP Psych Review Sheet #3 PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating interplay between genetics and behavior in this quiz on Behavioral Genetics. Learn about the roles of the unconscious and conscious mind, as well as the significant impact of nature versus nurture on human traits. Test your knowledge on key concepts like genotype, phenotype, and environmental influences.

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