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Questions and Answers
What does the field of epigenetics study?
What does the field of epigenetics study?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of development in developmental psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of development in developmental psychology?
What is a key characteristic of sex-linked traits?
What is a key characteristic of sex-linked traits?
Which statement best describes the nature vs. nurture debate in development?
Which statement best describes the nature vs. nurture debate in development?
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How do environmental influences shift during development?
How do environmental influences shift during development?
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What impacts gene expression according to epigenetic studies?
What impacts gene expression according to epigenetic studies?
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In behavioral genetic designs, what is the primary purpose of twin studies?
In behavioral genetic designs, what is the primary purpose of twin studies?
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What is meant by 'critical periods' in development?
What is meant by 'critical periods' in development?
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What is a characteristic of identical twins?
What is a characteristic of identical twins?
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Which of the following describes a collectivist culture?
Which of the following describes a collectivist culture?
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What is a characteristic feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is a characteristic feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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How does the Mirror Neuron system typically function in those with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
How does the Mirror Neuron system typically function in those with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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At what age does separation anxiety generally begin to manifest in infants?
At what age does separation anxiety generally begin to manifest in infants?
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What did Harlow's surrogate mother experiments reveal about infant attachment?
What did Harlow's surrogate mother experiments reveal about infant attachment?
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What is an example of imprinting as described by Konrad Lorenz?
What is an example of imprinting as described by Konrad Lorenz?
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During the Strange Situation Test, what does extreme separation anxiety indicate?
During the Strange Situation Test, what does extreme separation anxiety indicate?
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What type of attachment is characterized by seeking closeness and mild anxiety in new environments?
What type of attachment is characterized by seeking closeness and mild anxiety in new environments?
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What type of attachment behavior might be exhibited by a child who does not respond to the mother's return?
What type of attachment behavior might be exhibited by a child who does not respond to the mother's return?
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During which period of prenatal development does the zygote implant into the uterus?
During which period of prenatal development does the zygote implant into the uterus?
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What is a major disadvantage of longitudinal research designs?
What is a major disadvantage of longitudinal research designs?
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Sensitive periods for learning language indicate that failure to learn a language before what age makes it impossible to learn one later?
Sensitive periods for learning language indicate that failure to learn a language before what age makes it impossible to learn one later?
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Which research design involves following the same group of individuals over time?
Which research design involves following the same group of individuals over time?
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What occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?
What occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?
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What is a significant advantage of cross-sectional research designs?
What is a significant advantage of cross-sectional research designs?
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What type of implantation results in an ectopic pregnancy?
What type of implantation results in an ectopic pregnancy?
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What do cohort effects in research designs refer to?
What do cohort effects in research designs refer to?
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What is a characteristic of Authoritarian Parenting?
What is a characteristic of Authoritarian Parenting?
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Which temperament is most likely to form a secure attachment?
Which temperament is most likely to form a secure attachment?
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What are the two types of Permissive Parenting?
What are the two types of Permissive Parenting?
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What does Erikson’s theory emphasize about psychosocial development?
What does Erikson’s theory emphasize about psychosocial development?
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Which parenting style is considered the best and leads to secure attachment?
Which parenting style is considered the best and leads to secure attachment?
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What is a common trait of a child with a Difficult temperament?
What is a common trait of a child with a Difficult temperament?
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What is the first stage of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development typically associated with?
What is the first stage of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development typically associated with?
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Which parenting style potentially leads to insecure attachment due to lack of rules?
Which parenting style potentially leads to insecure attachment due to lack of rules?
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What is the primary emotional challenge faced during the stage of Mistrust?
What is the primary emotional challenge faced during the stage of Mistrust?
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What do parents need to encourage during the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage?
What do parents need to encourage during the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage?
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What is crucial for a child to develop during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
What is crucial for a child to develop during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
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During the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, what is important for children to feel?
During the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, what is important for children to feel?
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What challenge do individuals face during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
What challenge do individuals face during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
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What is emphasized in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development?
What is emphasized in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development?
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What do individuals reflect on during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?
What do individuals reflect on during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?
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What psychological state can result from unresolved identity issues during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?
What psychological state can result from unresolved identity issues during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?
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Study Notes
Behavioral Genetics
- Unconscious mind influences behavior and mental processes, making decisions.
- Conscious mind also influences behavior.
- Behavioral genetics studies the links between genetics and behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Genotype: An individual's genetic profile.
- Phenotype: Observable/measurable characteristics.
Genetics
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- Chromosomes are long strands of DNA.
- Sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine sex:
- Male: XY
- Female: XX
- Genes are segments of chromosomes; they contain instructions to make specific proteins.
- Alleles are different versions of a gene; they can lead to various traits.
- Dominant vs. recessive alleles influence traits.
- Sex-linked traits are controlled by genes on the X chromosome.
Environmental Influences
- Parents are influential, especially during childhood.
- Peers become influential during adolescence.
- Culture shapes behaviors, ideas, values, and traditions.
- Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals.
- Collectivist cultures emphasize group goals.
- Family studies examine genetic factors within families.
Twin Studies
- Identical twins (monozygotic) share 100% of their genes.
- Fraternal twins (dizygotic) share 50% of their genes.
- Adoption studies compare biological and adopted parents to examine nature vs. nurture.
Epigenetic Influences
- Changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence (ex. Mice).
- Influences of experience on genes can affect traits through epigenetic modification.
Developmental Psychology
- Domains of development:
- Physical: Changes in body, brain, motor skills, and senses.
- Cognitive: Improvement in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
- Socio-emotional: Forming bonds, developing personality.
- Fundamental issues: Nature vs. nurture, continuous vs. discontinuous development and critical periods.
- Sensitive periods are periods where individuals are particularly sensitive to environmental experiences.
Prenatal Development
- Zygote: Fertilized egg.
- Germinal period: From conception to implantation (1-2 weeks).
- Embryonic period: From week 3 to week 8 (cell differentiation and organ development).
- Fetal period: From week 9 to birth (growth of organs and systems).
- Teratogens are substances that can cause harm to a developing fetus (e.g., alcohol, drugs).
Newborn Abilities
- Newborn mental and sensory abilities:
- Mental: Habituation (decreasing response to repeated stimuli).
- Sensory: Visual acuity (ability to see details is limited).
- Newborn motor abilities: Reflexes like rooting and sucking; preferences.
- Touch is critical for newborns.
Physical Development
- Continuity/Maturation - genetically designed biological processes (motor skills).
- Brain development - brain changes occur throughout development.
- Neurogenesis, myelinization, synaptic pruning, and dendritic growth.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
- Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
- Schema: Frameworks organize knowledge.
- Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing knowledge.
- Accommodation: Modifying schemas to incorporate new information.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg’s stages of moral development: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.
- Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg's theory – criticized for being biased toward Western cultures and men.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
- Stages of psychosocial development: Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair.
Attachment
- Attachment: A strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver.
- Attachment types: Secure, Anxious/Ambivalent, Avoidant.
- Temperament affects the type of attachment a child forms.
Parenting Styles
- Parenting styles influence attachment: Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative.
- Parenting styles include the ways in which parents raise their children and the rules that they establish
Key Terms
- Zygote: Fertilized egg
- Embryo: Developing organism during the first 8 weeks.
- Fetus: Developing organism from 9 weeks until birth
- Teratogens: Substances that can harm the fetus.
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Description
Explore the fascinating interplay between genetics and behavior in this quiz on Behavioral Genetics. Learn about the roles of the unconscious and conscious mind, as well as the significant impact of nature versus nurture on human traits. Test your knowledge on key concepts like genotype, phenotype, and environmental influences.
