Behavioral Acquisition and Prompting Chapter 10

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Questions and Answers

What is Behavioral Acquisition?

The development of new behavior through reinforcement.

What are three ways that some learners may be able to acquire a behavior?

  1. Being told how, 2) Being shown how, 3) With physical assistance.

When is prompting used?

Prompting is used to develop a variety of new behaviors or to develop stimulus control over a behavior.

What is a Prompt?

<p>An antecedent stimulus or event that is presented before or during the performance of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who uses prompts in everyday life?

<p>Teachers, coaches, parents, trainers, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pathway ANTECEDENT ----> BEHAVIOR ---> CONSEQUENCE, where is the Prompt delivered?

<p>With the discriminative stimulus in the Antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of prompts?

<ol> <li>Response prompts, 2) Stimulus prompts.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are response prompts?

<p>Prompts that involve the behavior of another person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stimulus prompts?

<p>Involves some change in the stimulus or the addition or removal of a stimulus to make a correct response more likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of response prompts? Define them.

<ol> <li>Verbal Prompt, 2) Gestural Prompt, 3) Modeling Prompt, 4) Physical Prompt.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most intrusive prompt? When should it be used?

<p>Physical Prompt; it should be used when other prompts have proven ineffective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of stimulus prompts?

<ol> <li>Within-stimulus prompt, 2) Extrastimulus prompt.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define within-stimulus prompt.

<p>When the salience of the discriminative stimulus is changed along some dimension to make it more noticeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define extrastimulus prompt.

<p>When a stimulus is added to help make a correct discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal once prompts have been used to establish responding?

<p>To get the behavior to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimulus without any prompts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prompting is faded out to avoid what behavior?

<p>Reliance on the prompts to omit the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of fading out prompting called?

<p>Transfer of stimulus control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two ways to initiate transfer of stimulus control?

<p>Through fading or by prompt delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two strategies associated with fading across prompts?

<ol> <li>Least to most prompting, 2) Most to least prompting.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hierarchy of prompts from least intrusive to most intrusive?

<p>Verbal --&gt; Gestural --&gt; Modeling --&gt; Physical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'least to most prompting' strategy entail? And what are the problems with it?

<p>The least intrusive prompts are faded out first; it can lead to frequent errors and possibly prompt dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'most to least prompting' strategy entail? What are the benefits?

<p>When the most intrusive prompts are faded out first; it tends to have fewer errors and more rapid learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of fading across prompts should be used according to what two variables?

<p>The type of learner the client is, and the behavior that is being taught.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Fading Within Prompts? And what are the two types?

<p>Fading within prompts is the gradual removal of a prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the discriminative stimulus; types are 1) Response prompt fading, 2) Stimulus prompt fading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is response prompt fading?

<p>Also called graduated guidance, it is when the response prompt is gradually removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Stimulus Prompt Fading?

<p>When the stimulus prompt is gradually removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prompt delay?

<p>When the discriminative stimulus is presented, you wait X number of seconds, then present the prompt if needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a constant prompt delay and a progressive prompt delay?

<p>With a constant prompt delay, the researcher waits X seconds between each prompt; with progressive prompt delay, the researcher will progressively wait longer to deliver it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prompt dependence?

<p>The unsuccessful transfer of stimulus control to naturally occurring stimuli; the behavior only occurs when it is prompted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can prompt dependence occur?

<p>When ineffective fading procedures are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can prompt dependence be corrected?

<p>By focusing on relevant environmental cues and through differential reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is differential reinforcement?

<p>When differential consequences for prompted and unprompted responses are provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 8 steps to using prompting and fading?

<ol> <li>Choose the most appropriate prompt strategy, 2) Get the learner's attention, 3) Present the discriminative stimulus, 4) Prompt the correct response, 5) Reinforce the correct response, 6) Fade the prompts over trials, 7) Continue to reinforce unprompted responses, 8) Use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first 4 steps to using prompting and fading?

<ol> <li>Choose the most appropriate prompt strategy, 2) Get the learner's attention, 3) Present the discriminative stimulus, 4) Prompt the correct response.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the last 4 steps to using prompting and fading?

<ol start="5"> <li>Reinforce the correct response, 6) Fade the prompts over trials, 7) Continue to reinforce unprompted responses, 8) Use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

When using prompting and fading to study, what would the prompt be? When would you fade prompts?

<p>The prompt would be looking up the correct answer; you would fade the prompts until you can answer the question without looking up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Behavioral Acquisition and Prompting

  • Behavioral Acquisition refers to developing new behaviors through reinforcement.
  • Learners can acquire new behaviors by being told, shown, or receiving physical assistance.

Purpose and Types of Prompting

  • Prompting aids in teaching new behaviors and establishing stimulus control to promote behavior in the presence of specific stimuli.
  • A prompt serves as an antecedent stimulus that increases the likelihood of behavior occurring.
  • Common users of prompts include teachers, parents, coaches, and trainers.

Prompt Types and Examples

  • Prompts are categorized into response prompts and stimulus prompts.
  • Response prompts involve another person's behavior; examples include verbal prompts, gestural prompts, modeling, and physical assistance.
  • Stimulus prompts involve alterations to the stimulus, such as within-stimulus and extrastimulus prompts to enhance response likelihood.

Guidelines for Using Prompts

  • The goal is to achieve behavior in response to stimuli without reliance on prompts.
  • Fading prompts is crucial to prevent prompt dependence, where behavior occurs only when prompted.
  • The process of fading prompts is known as the transfer of stimulus control.

Fading Strategies

  • Fading can occur through two methods: least-to-most prompting or most-to-least prompting.
  • The least-to-most strategy begins with less intrusive prompts, which can result in errors and potential prompt dependence.
  • Conversely, most-to-least prompting starts with more intrusive prompts, leading to fewer errors and faster learning.

Response Prompt Fading and Stimulus Prompt Fading

  • Response prompt fading gradually reduces assistance (also known as graduated guidance).
  • Stimulus prompt fading involves decreasing reliance on visual or environmental cues to elicit correct responses.

Prompt Delays

  • A prompt delay introduces a waiting period after presenting the discriminative stimulus before a prompt is given.
  • This can be a constant wait or progressively longer across trials.

Prompt Dependence and Corrections

  • Prompt dependence arises from ineffective fading and results in behavior only occurring through prompting.
  • Correcting prompt dependence involves focusing on relevant cues and using differential reinforcement, which provides different consequences for prompted versus unprompted responses.

Steps for Effective Prompting and Fading

  • Utilize an appropriate prompt strategy and ensure the learner’s attention is captured.
  • Present the discriminative stimulus, follow with the correct prompt, and reinforce correct responses.
  • Gradually fade prompts over trials while reinforcing unprompted responses and implementing intermittent reinforcement for maintenance.

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