Questions and Answers
What is 'Behavior is not'?
What is a response?
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.
What is a response class?
A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.
What is the environment?
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What is respondent behavior?
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What is respondent conditioning?
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What is stimulus-stimulus pairing?
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What is an aversive stimulus?
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What is a conditioned punisher?
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What is a conditioned reinforcer?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What does 'contingency' refer to?
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What does 'contingent' mean?
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What is a discriminated operant?
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What is a discriminative stimulus?
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What is extinction?
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What is a motivating operation?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is a punisher?
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What is punishment?
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What is reinforcement?
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What is a reinforcer?
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What is respondent extinction?
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What is stimulus control?
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Study Notes
Behavior Concepts
- Behavior is distinct from being a property of an organism; it reflects actions rather than inherent traits.
- A response is defined as a specific instance of behavior occurring within a particular context.
Response Class and Environment
- Response class refers to varying responses that achieve the same environmental effect, regardless of their physical form.
- The environment encompasses all factual circumstances surrounding an organism, which influences behavior.
Types of Behavior
- Respondent behavior is triggered by antecedent stimuli, forming a direct relation between stimulus and response.
Conditioning Processes
- Respondent conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the NS itself elicits a conditioned response (CR).
- Stimulus-stimulus pairing involves simultaneous presentation of two stimuli, allowing one to gain the function of the other.
Stimuli Definitions
- Aversive stimulus is described as unpleasant or noxious, potentially leading to behavior modification.
- Conditioned punisher arises from a neutral stimulus becoming punishing due to its association with other punishers.
- Conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer, categorized as a secondary reinforcer.
- A conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially irrelevant but gains significance through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Behavioral Contingencies and Relations
- Contingency denotes the dependency and timing relations between behavior and its controlling factors.
- To be contingent, a behavior must occur for a consequence to follow.
Discrimination and Operants
- Discriminated operant manifests more frequently under certain conditions, influenced by external antecedents.
- Discriminative stimulus is one that reinforces specific responses in its presence while failing to do so in its absence.
Arising Behavior Changes
- Extinction refers to the cessation of reinforcement leading to behavior decrease.
- Motivating operations modify the reinforcing power of a stimulus and impact the frequency of previously reinforced behaviors.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviors through the removal of aversive stimuli.
- A punisher diminishes future behavior frequency by acting as a consequence, while punishment is the process where behavior is decreased by an event that follows it.
- Reinforcement, conversely, enhances behavior frequency through following stimuli or events, while a reinforcer is any stimulus that boosts future behavior frequency.
Extinction and Control
- Respondent extinction involves repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, gradually reducing the conditioned response until it ceases.
- Stimulus control occurs when behavior patterns are altered in frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude by the presence or absence of a specific antecedent stimulus.
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Description
Test your understanding of key terms related to behavior in this Chapter 2 flashcard quiz. Each card presents a word and its definition to help reinforce your knowledge on fundamental concepts. Review these essential terms to prepare for further studies in behavior analysis.