Questions and Answers
What defines function-based behavior?
What occurs when a child slouches while working in a group?
What is considered one occurrence of flopping?
Johnny falls to the floor within 3 seconds after a directive and refuses to stand up.
What defines an instance of a verbal outburst?
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What is a tantrum?
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What does the term 'Behaviorism' refer to?
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The branch of behavior analysis that began with B.F. Skinner's work is known as _________.
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What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
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What are the 3 major branches of behavior analysis?
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What is the relationship of the independent variable in an experiment?
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What does the concept of 'Determinism' imply?
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What is the definition of 'Response'?
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__________________ is the philosophy that emphasizes the observable aspect of psychology.
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What does the term 'Empiricism' refer to?
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What is a defining characteristic of the experimental analysis of behavior?
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What is a discriminated operant?
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What does contingent mean?
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What is the Three-Term Contingency?
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What is rule-governed behavior?
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What is contingency-shaped behavior?
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What does the term automaticity of reinforcement refer to?
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What is socially mediated contingency?
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What is respondent extinction?
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What does respondent behavior refer to?
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What is operant behavior?
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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What does unconditioned refer to?
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What is topography in behavior?
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What is the opposite of determinism?
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What does free will mean in the context of behavior analysis?
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What is description in behavioral terms?
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What does prediction entail in behavior analysis?
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What is control in behavioral analysis?
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What does determinism imply in behavioral science?
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What is empiricism?
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What does parsimony mean in behavior analysis?
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What does philosophic doubt refer to?
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What is selectionism?
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What is pragmatism in behavior analysis?
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What is applied behavior analysis?
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What is behaviorism?
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What are the two different types of behaviorism?
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What is experimental analysis of behavior?
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What does radical behaviorism recognize?
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What is mentalism in behavior analysis?
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What is methodological behaviorism?
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What is respondent conditioning?
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What is respondent behavior?
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is the key difference between operant and respondent behavior?
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Study Notes
Behavior Definitions and Types
- Function-based definitions involve understanding behaviors based on their purpose or consequence within a context.
- Topography-based definitions are concerned with the physical form of the behavior or how it is exhibited.
Key Examples of Behaviors
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Slouching
- Functionally, occurs when a child slouches during group work to gain attention.
- Topographically, described as leaning forward with forearms on the desk and head down.
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Flopping
- Functionally defined by refusing to follow directions and lying on the floor.
- Topographically noted as the action of falling to the ground after a directive.
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Non-compliance
- Functionally recognized through acknowledgment but continued engagement in an activity despite prompts.
- Topographically defined as alternating eye contact while not following the caregiver's instructions.
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Verbal Outburst
- Functionally linked to avoiding non-preferred tasks by yelling or cursing.
- Topographically characterized by specific verbal expressions and increased volume.
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Tantrum
- Functionally includes multiple expressions of distress to avoid tasks.
- Topographically involves yelling, crying, and eloping beyond set boundaries.
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Spitting
- Functionally considered as a means to gain access to desired items when denied.
- Topographically defined simply as the act of releasing saliva forcefully.
Branches of Behavior Analysis
- Behaviorism: Originating with John B. Watson, focuses on observable behavior and environmental relations.
- Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB): Founded by B.F. Skinner, this branch studies the influence of consequences on behavior.
- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Applies behavioral principles to improve socially significant behaviors through experimentation.
Fundamental Concepts in Science of Behavior
- Determinism: Belief that behavior is primarily controlled by external factors.
- Empiricism: Focus on objective observation to understand behavior.
- Experimental Control: Key characteristic of ABA ensuring predictions about behavior based on analyzed relationships.
Key Attitudes and Principles of Scientific Inquiry
- Philosophic Doubt: An attitude questioning the validity of scientific theory and practice.
- Parsimony: Preference for simplistic explanations over complex theories.
- Replication: Repeating experiments to confirm findings and enhance validity.
Types of Behavior Analysis and Conditions
- Response Class: Group of behaviors that share the same function.
- Stimulus Control: Determines the influence of antecedent stimuli on behavior frequency and other dynamics.
Conditioning Concepts
- Operant Conditioning: Effects of consequences on behavior, critical in behavior modification strategies.
- Respondent Conditioning: Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit responses.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive Reinforcement: Increases behavior through the introduction of a stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior through the removal of an adverse stimulus.
- Positive Punishment: Decreases behavior by presenting an aversive consequence.
- Negative Punishment: Decreases behavior by withholding a pleasant stimulus.
Behavior Dynamics
- Contingency Shaped Behavior: Behavior developed through direct experience with consequences.
- Generalization and Automaticity: Behavior changes that endure over time and situations, often occurring without conscious awareness of reinforcement.
Conclusion
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Understanding behavior analysis requires examining behaviors' functions, definitions, and the principles guiding behavioral changes in various settings.### Key Concepts in Behavior Analysis
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Operant Behavior: Behavior that is influenced and selected by its consequences, reflecting the impact of prior outcomes on current actions.
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Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus that does not elicit a natural response until it is associated with another significant stimulus.
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Unconditioned: Refers to reactions or behaviors that occur without prior learning or conditioning, indicating innate responses.
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Topography: The physical characteristics or appearance of a behavior, encompassing how it is expressed.
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Determinism vs. Free Will:
- Determinism is the philosophy asserting that behaviors are caused by genetics, past experiences, or societal influences.
- Free will implies the ability to make choices independent of outside forces, complicating scientific behavior analysis.
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Description: Observational findings about behavior interactions; for example, linking a child's crying to the parent picking them up.
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Prediction: Based on descriptions, predicting future events or behaviors, such as anticipating parental response to a child's cries.
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Control: Establishes functional relations by demonstrating reliable changes in behavior due to specific antecedents, distinguishing correlation from causation.
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Empiricism: Emphasizes objectivity in behavior measurement; relies on quantifiable data to assess behaviors rather than subjective reports.
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Parsimony: The principle of preferring the simplest explanation before considering more complex ones, as per Occam's Razor.
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Philosophic Doubt: Maintaining skepticism about conclusions, acknowledging that scientific understanding evolves with new research.
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Selectionism: The concept likened to natural selection, involving three levels: biological, behavioral (operant selection), and cultural selection.
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Pragmatism: Focuses on practical outcomes in behavior analysis, assessing the utility and effectiveness of theories in real-world applications.
Approaches to Behavior Analysis
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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Concentrated on socially significant behavioral changes, applying procedures to influence meaningful outcomes.
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Behaviorism: A philosophical approach focused on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states, encompassing various psychological perspectives.
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Types of Behaviorism:
- Mythological Behaviorism: Disregards internal thoughts and feelings, concentrating solely on observable behavior.
- Radical Behaviorism: Recognizes internal events (thoughts, feelings) as behaviors, advocating a comprehensive perspective of human activity.
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Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Involves laboratory studies to investigate fundamental behavioral processes, separate from applied behavior techniques.
Conditioning and Behavior
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Respondent Conditioning: Involves learning where neutral stimuli gain the ability to elicit responses via association with unconditioned stimuli.
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Respondent Behavior: Automatic, reflexive actions triggered by stimuli, like pupil dilation in response to light.
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Operant Conditioning: The process of modifying behavior through consequences; it strengthens responses based on their outcomes.
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Operant Behavior: Actions selected and maintained by their historical consequences, contrasting with reflexive respondent behavior.
Additional Concepts
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Mentalism: Assumes a separate "inner" dimension affecting behavior that is not directly observable.
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Methodological Behaviorism: Accepts mental events but omits them from behavioral analysis, focusing exclusively on operationally defined observable events.
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Explore key concepts and definitions in Applied Behavior Analysis with these flashcards. This set focuses on understanding behavior functions and their measurements in various contexts. Perfect for ABB students preparing for exams.