Basics of Electrical and Electronics

Basics of Electrical and Electronics

• Electricity

  • Flow of electric charge through conductors.
  • Measured in volts (V), amperes (A), and ohms (Ω).

• Current (I)

  • Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes (A).
  • Types:
    • Direct Current (DC): Constant flow in one direction.
    • Alternating Current (AC): Changes direction periodically.

• Voltage (V)

  • Electric potential difference between two points.
  • Causes current to flow in a circuit.

• Resistance (R)

  • Opposition to current flow; measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Factors affecting resistance:
    • Material type
    • Length and cross-sectional area of the conductor
    • Temperature

Circuit Components

• Resistors

  • Limit current flow and divide voltage.
  • Measured in ohms; can be fixed or variable (potentiometers).

• Capacitors

  • Store and release electrical energy.
  • Measured in farads (F).
  • Used for filtering and smoothing electrical signals.

• Inductors

  • Store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through.
  • Measured in henries (H).

• Diodes

  • Allow current to flow in one direction only; used for rectification.
  • Types include standard, Zener (voltage regulation), and Schottky diodes.

• Transistors

  • Semiconductors used for switching and amplification.
  • Types: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and Field Effect Transistor (FET).

• Integrated Circuits (ICs)

  • Miniaturized electronic circuits that can function as amplifiers, oscillators, timers, etc.

Circuit Concepts

• Ohm’s Law

  • V = I × R (Voltage = Current x Resistance)

• Kirchhoff's Laws

  • Current Law: Total current entering a junction equals total current leaving.
  • Voltage Law: Total voltage around a closed loop equals zero.

• Series and Parallel Circuits

  • Series: Components connected end-to-end; same current flows through all.
  • Parallel: Components connected across the same voltage source; voltage is the same across all.

AC and DC Analysis

• AC Waveforms

  • Sinusoidal, square, and triangular shapes; characterized by frequency (Hz) and amplitude (Volts).

• Power in AC Circuits

  • Real Power (P), Reactive Power (Q), Apparent Power (S).
  • P = VI cos(ϕ) (where ϕ is the phase angle).

• Transformers

  • Devices that transfer electrical energy between circuits using electromagnetic induction.
  • Steps up or steps down voltage levels.

Safety and Measurements

• Circuit Safety

  • Use fuses and circuit breakers to prevent overload.
  • Grounding to prevent electrical shocks.

• Measurement Tools

  • Multimeter: Measures voltage, current, and resistance.
  • Oscilloscope: Visualizes electrical waveforms.

Applications

• Electronics in Daily Life

  • Consumer electronics, communication devices, and automotive systems.

• Industrial Applications

  • Robotics, automation, and process control.

• Emerging Technologies

  • Internet of Things (IoT), renewable energy systems (solar, wind), and smart grids.

Electricity

• The flow of electric charge through conductors.
• Measured in volts (V), amperes (A), and ohms (Ω).
• Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
  • Direct Current (DC) flows constantly in one direction.
  • Alternating Current (AC) changes direction periodically.
• Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, causing current to flow in a circuit.
• Resistance opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Factors affecting resistance: material type, length and cross-sectional area of the conductor, and temperature.

Circuit Components

• Resistors limit current flow and divide voltage.
  • Measured in ohms and can be fixed or variable (potentiometers).
• Capacitors store and release electrical energy.
  • Measured in farads (F) and used for filtering and smoothing electrical signals.
• Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through.
  • Measured in henries (H).
• Diodes allow current to flow in one direction only, used for rectification.
  • Types include standard, Zener (voltage regulation), and Schottky diodes.
• Transistors are semiconductors used for switching and amplification.
  • Types: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and Field Effect Transistor (FET).
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) are miniaturized electronic circuits that function as amplifiers, oscillators, timers, etc.

Circuit Concepts

• Ohm’s Law states the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance: V = I × R.
• Kirchhoff's Laws describe current and voltage behavior in circuits.
  • Current Law: The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving.
  • Voltage Law: The total voltage around a closed loop equals zero.
• Series and Parallel Circuits have different component arrangements.
  • Series: Components connected end-to-end; same current flows through all.
  • Parallel: Components connected across the same voltage source; voltage is the same across all.

AC and DC Analysis

• AC Waveforms can have sinusoidal, square, and triangular shapes.
  • Characterized by frequency (Hz) and amplitude (Volts).
• Power in AC Circuits includes Real Power (P), Reactive Power (Q), and Apparent Power (S).
  • P = VI cos(ϕ) (where ϕ is the phase angle).
• Transformers transfer electrical energy between circuits using electromagnetic induction.
  • They step up or step down voltage levels.

Safety and Measurements

• Circuit Safety uses fuses and circuit breakers to prevent overload and grounding to prevent electrical shocks.
• Measurement Tools include:
  • Multimeter: Measures voltage, current, and resistance.
  • Oscilloscope: Visualizes electrical waveforms.

Applications

• Electronics in Daily Life include consumer electronics, communication devices, and automotive systems.
• Industrial Applications include robotics, automation, and process control.
• Emerging Technologies include:
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Renewable energy systems (solar, wind)
  • Smart grids