Humanidades Tercer semestre Parcial 1
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Questions and Answers

¿Qué requiere una sociedad?

Normas, principios y leyes.

¿De qué dependen las normas, principios y leyes?

De un sistema legal que ejerza poder (Estado de derecho).

¿Cuáles son los tipos de derechos?

Naturalista: iusnaturalista (inmutable) Positivo: contractualismo (mutable)

¿Qué significa la frase “el hombre es un lobo para el hombre"?

<p>El hombre es su propio depredador o enemigo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Quién creó la frase “el hombre es un lobo para el hombre"?

<p>Plauto en la obra “Asinaria”.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Quién usó la frase “el hombre es un lobo para el hombre" en su obra “El Leviatán”?

<p>Hobbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Quién creó la antítesis a la frase “el hombre es un lobo para el hombre"?

<p>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál era la antítesis de Rousseau y que significa?

<p>“El hombre es bueno por naturaleza”, significa que los humanos son buenos hasta que la sociedad los corrompe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué propuso Hobbes?

<p>Una comunidad con una sola autoridad absoluta permitirá la paz. Porque pensaba que el ser humano es violento naturalmente.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué propone Rousseau?

<p>Un contrato social.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es un contrato social?

<p>Un documento que establece normas y leyes que deben seguir los individuos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es la sociedad?

<p>Conjunto de individuos que conviven respetando los mismos principios que persiguen un mismo fin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la base social?

<p>La familia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿De donde surgieron las clases sociales?

<p>De necesidades económicas, también debido a las habilidades y proezas de los integrantes de una sociedad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué propone locke?

<p>Una monarquía parlamentaria. Es decir todos trabajan, la desigualdad surge con la propiedad privada, cada uno trabaja por lo suyo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿En qué concuerdan Locke, Hobbe y Rousseau?

<p>Lo social no es dado, la sociedad, el estado y el gobierno han sido construidos, es decir, hubo un momento donde fueron instituidos, pasando del estado de naturaleza al estado civil (Gobierno).</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué propone la doctrina yo/ tu y de quien es?

<p>Una visión en la que el individuo (yo) y el otro (tu) no se enfrentan como entidades opuestas, el yo no puede existir sin el tú y viceversa. Es decir promueve una mayor solidaridad y cooperación entre los individuos. Esta doctrina es de Roberto Espocito.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es el poder para Michael Foucault?

<p>Ejercicio que consiste en guiar la posibilidad de conducta y disponer la posible consecuencia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se manifiesta el poder para Michael Foucault?

<p>Forma en que las personas controlan y regulan a sí mismas, y a los demás en la vida cotidiana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es gobernabilidad?

<p>Arte que comprende toda gama de técnicas de control y disciplina, ejemplo: en la familia, trabajo o escuela (microestructura de poder político), los micropoderes ejercen el poder dentro de la sociedad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué son las éticas materiales?

<p>Conjunto de sistemas éticos que tienen en común su interés por el contenido o materia de la acción moral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuáles son las éticas materiales?

<p>Hedonismo, intelectualismo, eudonismo, crstianismo y utilitarismo</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es el hedonismo para los epicúreos?

<p>El auténtico placer que conduce a la felicidad es el estado permanente de equilibrio y tranquilidad corporal y mental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es el Intelectualismo para Platón?

<p>Sólo quien tiene un conocimiento fundado de la virtud y de los conceptos éticos puede actuar con sentido y alcanzar la felicidad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que es el eudonismo para Aristóteles?

<p>La felicidad consiste en el hábito de escoger siempre el justo medio que conviene a nuestra persona y según los dictados de la razón práctica.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Que es el cristianismo para Tomas de Aquino?

<p>El hombre es feliz cuando cumple con los fines y tendencias propios de la naturaleza humana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es utilitarismo para Bentham?

<p>La felicidad consiste en maximizar el placer y minimizar el dolor, mediante una aplicación continuada en la acción de la aritmética de los placeres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué son las éticas formales?

<p>Forma de la acción moral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuáles son las éticas formales?

<p>Ética de el deber, existencialismo y ética comunicativa</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo es la ética del deber para Kant?

<p>Lo único que puede ser considerado como bueno sin limitaciones o condiciones dentro y fuera del mundo es una buena voluntad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo es el existencialismo, para Sartre?

<p>La autenticidad ética consiste en asumir como individuo único y consciente la carga inevitable de nuestra libertad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué es la ética comunicativa para Habermas?

<p>Las normas éticas son establecidas por la razón práctica a partir del diálogo intersubjetivo y consenso social.</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo era vista la esclavitud en el tiempo?

<p>Antigüedad clásica: Grecia y Roma: Positivamente, era una institución social, económicamente necesaria y Aristóteles estaba de acuerdo con ella. Edad Media: Presencia de la teología cristiana, la esclavitud no era aceptada por San Agustín y Tomas de Aquino a nivel espiritual.</p> <p>Siglos XVI a XVIII La esclavitud es cuestionada por Montesquieu y John Locke, Este ultimo propone derechos naturales, y utiliza argumentos abolicionistas en contra de la esclavitud. Siglo XIX Hay movimientos abolicionistas, Reino Unido la rechaza (1833), USA la rechaza (1865), El filósofo John Stuar Mill, Harrier Beecher promueven la liberación de los esclavos. Siglo XX en adelante Nace la declaración de los derechos humanos en 1948 y dice que “Nadie estará sometido a la esclavitud ni servidumbre”</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Man is a Wolf to Man

The tendency of humans to be selfish and aggressive in the absence of rules and social order.

What is the foundation of society?

Shared beliefs, practices and social agreements that form the foundation of society.

Governability

The ability of a government to effectively manage and control a society, ensuring order and compliance.

Hedonism

The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the primary goals of life.

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I/You Doctrine

A philosophical concept that emphasizes the importance of relationships and interconnectedness between individuals.

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Intellectualism

The idea that true knowledge and understanding guide moral behavior and align ethics with rationality.

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Eudaimonism

A philosophy that defines the highest good as achieving 'eudaimonia', or flourishing through virtuous living and rationality.

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Material Ethics

The ability to make moral decisions based on specific contexts, considering various ethical frameworks.

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Formal Ethics

An approach to ethics that emphasizes consistency and principles that inform moral judgments.

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Kant’s Duty Ethics

An ethical framework that centers on the concept of duty, asserting that actions should be guided by universal moral laws.

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Sartre's Existentialism

A philosophy that posits that individuals are responsible for creating meaning in their lives despite inherent absurdity.

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Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering.

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Communicative Ethics

A philosophical concept that emphasizes the role of rational discourse and consensus as the basis for legitimacy and morality in social interactions.

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Society

Structured communities of people who share common values and institutions.

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Social Classes

Different groups within a society based on economic conditions, resource distribution, and roles.

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Locke’s Natural Rights

The natural rights to life, liberty, and property that individuals possess, which governments should protect.

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Social Contract

A theory that individuals agree to be governed in exchange for certain protections and benefits.

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State of Nature

A concept in Thomas Hobbes' philosophy that describes the state of nature as brutal and chaotic.

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Rousseau's Antithesis

The idea that society corrupts individuals and that people are naturally good.

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Convergence of Philosophers

The combined ideas of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau about human nature and the role of government.

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Structure of Society

Norms, principles, and laws that guide behavior within a society.

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Foucault's Concept of Power

A system of power that influences behavior, knowledge, and interactions within society.

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Ethics

The beliefs about right and wrong that guide individual actions and societal norms.

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Historical View on Slavery

The practice of justifying slavery through economic necessity and social hierarchy.

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Plato's Intellectualism

A philosophy that emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge and understanding as the foundation of moral behavior.

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Thomas Aquinas' Philosophy

Integrating faith and reason, asserting that divine law guides ethical behavior.

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Duty Ethics

An ethical theory that emphasizes the role of duty in guiding moral actions.

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Study Notes

Requirements of Society

  • A society requires structure, norms, and agreed-upon laws to function cohesively.
  • Norms, principles, and laws depend on cultural contexts, historical development, and consensus among members.

Types of Rights

  • Rights can be categorized into natural rights, legal rights, moral rights, and social rights.

“Man is a Wolf to Man”

  • The phrase signifies human beings' tendency towards selfishness and aggression in the absence of social order.
  • This phrase is attributed to Plautus, a Roman playwright.

Usage in Literature

  • Thomas Hobbes used the phrase in his work "Leviathan" to discuss human nature and social contracts.

Counter-Argument to Hobbes

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau created the antithesis to Hobbes’ view with the belief that humans are naturally good and corrupted by society.
  • Rousseau's antithesis emphasizes that society shapes human behavior negatively.

Philosophical Proposals

  • Hobbes proposed that in a state of nature, life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," necessitating a strong central authority.
  • Rousseau argued for a social contract that allows individuals to retain personal freedom while being governed by the general will.

Concepts of Society

  • A society is a structured community of people who share common values and institutions.
  • The foundation of society rests on shared beliefs, practices, and social agreements.

Social Classes Origins

  • Social classes emerged from economic conditions, resource distribution, and differentiation of roles within societal structures.

Locke's Contributions

  • John Locke proposed that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that governments should protect these rights.

Convergence of Philosophers

  • Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau all explored the nature of government and social contracts but differed in their views on human nature and the role of authority.

“I/You” Doctrine

  • The "I/You" doctrine, proposed by Martin Buber, emphasizes relationship dynamics and interconnectedness between individuals.

Foucault's Concept of Power

  • For Michel Foucault, power is not just a tool of oppression but a complex network of relationships influencing behavior and knowledge.

Manifestation of Power

  • Power manifests through societal norms, institutions, knowledge systems, and language, affecting how individuals interact within society.

Governance

  • Governability refers to the ability of a government to effectively manage and control a society, ensuring order and compliance.

Material Ethics

  • Material ethics focus on the substance of moral decisions and include various ethical frameworks that guide actions based on specific contexts.

Forms of Material Ethics

  • Major forms of material ethics include hedonism, consequentialism, virtue ethics, and deontology.

Hedonism and Epicureanism

  • For the Epicureans, hedonism emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain as the primary goals of life.

Intellectualism and Plato

  • Intellectualism in Plato's philosophy suggests that true knowledge and understanding guide moral behavior, aligning ethics with reason.

Eudaimonism and Aristotle

  • Aristotle's eudaimonism defines the highest good as achieving eudaimonia, or flourishing through virtuous living and rationality.

Christianity and Thomas Aquinas

  • For Thomas Aquinas, Christianity integrates faith and reason, asserting that divine law guides ethical behavior.

Utilitarianism and Bentham

  • Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering.

Formal Ethics

  • Formal ethics emphasize consistency and principles that inform moral judgments, such as duty-based ethics.

Kant’s Duty Ethics

  • Kant’s ethical framework centers on the concept of duty, asserting that actions should be guided by universal moral laws.

Sartre's Existentialism

  • Existentialism, particularly for Jean-Paul Sartre, posits that individuals are responsible for creating meaning in their lives despite inherent absurdity.

Communicative Ethics

  • Jürgen Habermas’s communicative ethics focus on rational discourse and consensus as the basis for legitimacy and morality in social interactions.

Historical View on Slavery

  • Slavery was often justified through economic necessity and social hierarchy, viewed as a common practice across various cultures and eras.

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