5 Questions
What is ionization in relation to an atom?
forming an ion pair
What is the purpose of the target in the X-ray anode?
Convert the kinetic energy of colliding electrons into photons
Panoramic images provide fine anatomic detail similar to intraoral periapical radiographs.
False
Panoramic imaging is a technique for producing a single image of the facial structures of both maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures.
pantomography
Match the X-ray interaction with matter to its definition:
Coherent scattering = Absorption of photons in absorbing tissues Photoelectric absorption = Absorption of individual photons in the beam by atoms Compton scattering = Photons being scattered out of the beam
Study Notes
Basic Principle of X-ray
- Ionization: when a neutral atom loses an electron, it becomes a positive ion, and the free electron becomes a negative ion.
- Ionization requires sufficient energy to overcome the electron binding energy.
- X-ray machine consists of an X-ray tube and a power supply.
- X-ray tube is composed of a cathode and an anode situated within an evacuated glass envelop or tube.
X-ray Tube
- The filament is the source of electrons within the X-ray tube.
- Filaments typically contain about 1% thorium, a weakly radioactive metal.
- The filament is mounted between two stiff support wires lead through the glass envelop and connect to both high-voltage and the low-voltage electrical sources.
- Focusing cup is a negatively charged concave reflector that electrostastically focuses the electrons emitted by the filament into a narrow beam directed at a small rectangular area on the anode called the focal spot.
- The X-ray tube is evacuated to prevent collision of the fast-moving electrons with gas molecules, which would significantly reduce their speed and also to prevent oxidation of the filament.
Anode
- Consists of a tungsten target embedded in a copper stem.
- The purpose of the target is to convert the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into X-ray photons.
- Tungsten has several characteristics of an ideal target material, including high atomic number (74), high melting point (3422℃), high thermal conductivity, and low vapor pressure.
- The Focal spot is the area on the target to which the focusing cup directs the electrons and from which X-rays are produced.
Production of X-rays
- Most high-speed electrons traveling from the filament to the target interact with target electrons and release their energy as heat.
- Occasionally, these electrons convert their kinetic energy into photons by the formation of bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic radiation.
Interactions of X-ray with Matter
- Attenuation results from absorption of individual photons in the beam by atoms in the absorbing tissues or photons being scattered out of the beam.
- Types of interactions include coherent scattering, photoelectric absorption, and Compton scattering.
Basic Principle of Panoramic Radiology
- Panoramic imaging (pantomography) is a technique for producing a single image of the facial structures of both maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures.
- Panoramic images are most useful clinically for diagnostic problems requiring broad coverage of the jaws.
Principle of Panoramic Image Formation
- Panoramic radiography, an X-ray source and an image receptor rotate around the patient's head and create a curved image layer (focal trough), a zone in which the included objects are displayed clearly.
- Objects in front of or behind this image layer are unclear and largely not seen.
- The panoramic machine creates an image layer through the dentition and adjacent structures.
Focal Trough
- The focal trough is a three-dimensional curved zone, or "image layer", where the structures lying within this zone are reasonably well defined on the final panoramic image.
- Images are most clear in the middle and become less clear further from the central line.
- Objects outside the image layer are unclear, magnified, or reduced in size, and are sometimes distorted to the extent of not being recognizable.
Indications of Panoramic Radiography
- Overall evaluation of dentition
- Examine for intraosseous pathology, such as cysts, tumors, or infections
- Gross evaluation of temporomandibular joints
- Evaluation of position of impacted teeth
- Evaluation of eruption of permanent dentition
- Dentomaxillofacial trauma
- Developmental disturbances of maxillofacial skeleton
Advantages of Panoramic Imaging
- Broad coverage of facial bones and teeth
- Ease of technique
- Can be used in patients with trismus or patients who cannot tolerate intraoral radiography
- Useful visual aid in patient education and case presentation
Disadvantages of Panoramic Imaging
- Lower resolution images that do not provide the fine details
- Magnification across image is unequal (distortion)
- Image is superimposition of real, double, and ghost images
- Requires accurate patient positioning
- Difficult to image both jaws when patient has severe maxilla-mandibular discrepancy
Understand the fundamental concepts of X-ray production, X-ray machines, and panoramic radiography, including atomic structure and ionization.
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