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What is the basic economic problem?
Scarcity of resources is the basic economic problem.
Which of the following are types of goods?
What does opportunity cost refer to?
Opportunity cost is the cost of choosing between alternative uses of resources.
Identify the four factors of production.
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What is the opportunity cost in the example of investing $10,000 in stocks?
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Occupational mobility refers to the ability to relocate from one area to another.
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What are the main focuses of microeconomics?
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What is elasticity in economics?
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What does GDP stand for?
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Monetary policy involves government spending and taxation.
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Which economic theory emphasizes the role of demand in economic fluctuations?
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The economic concept of __________ suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods they can produce more efficiently.
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Loss aversion is the tendency to prefer gaining over losing.
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What are trade barriers?
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What is behavioral economics?
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Match the following economic theories with their key ideas:
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Study Notes
The Basic Economic Problem
- The basic economic problem is that there are too few productive resources to make all the goods and services that consumers need and want.
- This is because of unlimited wants and limited resources.
- Scarcity of resources cause the basic economic problem.
Types of Goods
- Economic goods are goods/ services that have a degree of scarcity and therefore an opportunity cost.
- Free goods are goods/ services that are not scarce and are available in abundance.
Factors of Production
- Resources or factors of production are used to make goods and services.
- There are four factors of production:
- Land - natural resources used in production such as land itself.
- Labor - human effort involved in the production of goods/ services.
- Capital - man-made resources that are used to help produce goods/ services, such as machinery and equipment.
- Enterprise - the skills and willingness to take risks required to organize productive activities.
- Entrepreneurs organize and combine resources in firms to produce goods and services
- Durable consumer goods last a long while such as furniture.
- Non-durable consumer goods do not last a long while such as food.
Geographical Mobility of Labor
- This refers to the ability of a person to relocate from one area to another due to employment purposes.
- Many workers are unwilling to relocate due to:
- Family ties and other commitments.
- The cost of living in a new area.
Occupational Mobility of Labor
- This refers to the ease with which a person can change between jobs.
- This depends on factors such as:
- The cost of retraining.
- The length of training for different roles or industries.
- The educational requirements of different professions.
Changes in the Quantity or Quality of Factors of Production
- Changes in the quantity or quality of factors of production can lead to changes in their cost.
- Changes in factors of production include:
- Changes in labor cost.
- Changes in raw material cost.
- Government policies such as taxes and subsidies.
- New technology.
- Migration of labor.
- Improved education and healthcare.
- Weather conditions ( especially for agricultural products).
Opportunity Cost
- Opportunity cost is the cost of choosing between alternative uses of resources.
- Choosing one use will always mean giving up the opportunity to use resources in another way, and the loss of goods & services they might have produced instead.
- The problem of resource allocation is choosing how best to use limited resources to satisfy as many needs and wants as possible and maximize economic welfare.
- Economics aims to find the most efficient resource allocation.
- Example - If a person invests 10,000inastock,theycouldhaveearnedinterestbyleaving10,000 in a stock, they could have earned interest by leaving 10,000inastock,theycouldhaveearnedinterestbyleaving10,000 in a bank account instead.
- The opportunity cost of a decision to invest in stock is the value of the potential interest.
- Example - a city decides to build a hospital on vacant land.
- They could have built a school or a sports centre instead.
- The opportunity cost of building a hospital is the value of the school or the sports centre.
Microeconomics
- Focuses on the behavior of individual economic agents, such as consumers, firms, and markets.
- Key Concepts:
- Supply and Demand: The interaction of supply and demand determines the equilibrium price and quantity of goods and services in a market.
- Elasticity: Measures how responsive the quantity demanded or supplied is to changes in price or other factors.
- Consumer Behavior: Examines how individuals make choices about what to buy, based on factors like income, preferences, and price.
- Production and Costs: Analyzes how firms determine the optimal level of output and allocate resources to minimize production costs.
- Market Structures: Examines how different market structures (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly) affect pricing, output, and efficiency.
Macroeconomics
- Focuses on the economy as a whole, examining factors like national output, employment, and inflation.
- Key Concepts:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Measures the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period.
- Unemployment: Reflects the number of people actively seeking employment but unable to find it.
- Inflation: Represents the rate at which the general price level of goods and services rises over time.
- Monetary Policy: Central banks use monetary policy tools, such as interest rate adjustments and controlling the money supply, to influence economic activity.
- Fiscal Policy: Government spending and taxation policies are used to influence economic conditions, such as stimulating growth or reducing budget deficits.
Economic Theory
- Provides frameworks and models to understand economic phenomena, explaining causes and effects of economic events.
- Key Theories:
- Classical Economics: Emphasizes free markets, minimal government intervention, and the self-regulating nature of the economy.
- Keynesian Economics: Highlights the role of government spending and demand management in stabilizing the economy during recessions or economic downturns.
- Supply-Side Economics: Focuses on policies to stimulate economic growth by encouraging production and investment through tax cuts and deregulation.
- New Classical Economics: Emphasizes rational expectations, market efficiency, and the idea that individuals and firms make decisions based on all available information.
- Behavioral Economics: Integrates psychology into economic models, considering how cognitive biases and psychological factors influence decision-making.
International Trade
- Deals with the exchange of goods and services between countries, focusing on the benefits and challenges of globalization.
- Key Concepts:
- Comparative Advantage: A nation specializes in producing goods and services it can produce more efficiently than other countries, leading to overall gains from trade.
- Trade Barriers: Government policies like tariffs, quotas, and regulations that restrict international trade, often intended to protect domestic industries.
- Balance of Trade: Represents the difference between a country's exports and imports. A trade surplus indicates more exports than imports, while a trade deficit suggests the opposite.
- Currency Exchange: Exchange rates determine the value of one currency in terms of another, affecting international transactions and trade flows.
- Globalization: Refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies worldwide, driven by trade, investment, and technological advancements.
Behavioural Economics
- Examines how psychological factors and cognitive biases influence economic decisions, departing from the rational choice framework assumed in traditional economics.
- Key Concepts:
- Heuristics: Mental shortcuts used to simplify decision-making, which can lead to biases or errors in judgment.
- Prospect Theory: Describes how individuals make choices under uncertainty, where losses are weighed more heavily than gains.
- Loss Aversion: The tendency to feel the pain of a loss more strongly than the pleasure of an equivalent gain.
- Nudge Theory: Uses subtle interventions and changes in the environment to encourage desired behavior, guiding individuals towards specific choices.
- Social Preferences: Acknowledges that social norms, fairness considerations, and group belonging influence economic behavior beyond individual self-interest.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of economics, including the basic economic problem of scarcity and the different types of goods. Delve into the four factors of production: land, labor, capital, and enterprise, and understand their roles in the economy.
