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Questions and Answers

What significant advancement characterized the fourth generation of computers?

Development of Very Large Integrated Circuits (correct)

Use of artificial intelligence in programming

Fabrication of microprocessors on multiple silicon chips

Introduction of neural networks

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the fourth generation of computers?

Use of high-level programming languages

Faster performance than previous generations

Emphasis on artificial intelligence (correct)

Introduction of microcomputers

Which of the following statements about the fifth generation of computers is accurate?

They operate solely on traditional functionality without innovation.

Artificial Intelligence is anticipated to play a crucial role. (correct)

Microprocessors are no longer used in this generation.

They primarily use low-level programming languages.

What defines the computing architecture expected in the fifth generation of computers?

Data-driven architecture based on the Von Neumann model Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates the fourth generation from the fifth generation of computers?

Microprocessors marked the introduction of the fourth generation, while AI characterizes the fifth generation. Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematician is known for inventing the mechanical calculator in 1642?

Blaise Pascal Signup and view all the answers

Who is referred to as the 'Father of Computing'?

Charles Babbage Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the ABACUS, developed around the 7th century B.C.?

Addition Signup and view all the answers

Which concept was introduced by George Boole in the late 1850s?

Boolean Algebra Signup and view all the answers

What significant computational tool did J.M. Jacquard develop in 1801?

Punched cards Signup and view all the answers

Which calculating device is associated with the work of Hermann Hollerith in the 1880s?

Punched card system Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the slide rule in 1620?

Edmund Gunter Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Alan Turing to the field of computer science?

Proposing a test to determine if machines can think Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of J.W. Mauchly and J.P. Eckert in computer history?

They designed the ENIAC, an early electronic computer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential function of a computer as defined in the content?

To collect, manipulate, and distribute data for output Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematician is associated with the Von Neumann architecture?

John Von Neumann Signup and view all the answers

The first stored program computer, EDSAC, was built in which year?

1949 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions best describes 'data' in computer science?

Unprocessed facts about a person, place, or thing Signup and view all the answers

What significant computer development is attributed to Howard Aiken?

Invention of the fully automatic calculator Signup and view all the answers

What major idea was consolidated by the work of John Von Neumann and his colleagues?

The stored program concept in computer architecture Signup and view all the answers

In what context is a computer defined as an 'electronic device operating under the control of instructions'?

In relation to its software and programming Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant technological advancement that marked the second generation of computers?

Use of transistors in logic circuits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the third generation of computers?

Use of magnetic drums for memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory element was used in the third generation of computers?

Metal Oxide Semiconductors Signup and view all the answers

Which computer is an example of the second generation of computers?

IBM 7030 Signup and view all the answers

What primary feature distinguishes integrated circuits from transistors?

Integration of multiple transistors into a single chip Signup and view all the answers

What programming technique became prominent in the third generation of computers?

High-level programming languages Signup and view all the answers

The ability to process more than one task at a time is referred to as what in the context of the third generation of computers?

Multi-tasking Signup and view all the answers

What was retained from the first generation of computers in the second generation?

Magnetic drum memory Signup and view all the answers

Which device was introduced in the third generation that improved user interaction?

Keyboard Signup and view all the answers

Which advancement led to reduced sizes and faster operations in the third generation of computers?

Use of integrated circuits Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary technological innovation that characterized the first generation of computers?

Stored Program Concept Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a major disadvantage of the first generation of computers?

They consumed a lot of electricity and generated a lot of heat. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory element was used in first generation computers?

Magnetic Drum Signup and view all the answers

Which computer models are examples of the first generation of computers?

EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM 700 series Signup and view all the answers

What method was primarily used for programming in the first generation of computers?

Machine Language Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of computers improved upon the first generation's use of vacuum tubes?

Second Generation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for classifying computers based on technological innovation?

Programming paradigm Signup and view all the answers

During which timeframe did the first generation of computers primarily exist?

Mid 1940s to 1950s Signup and view all the answers

What component is primarily associated with the second generation of computers?

Transistors Signup and view all the answers

In terms of classification, which factor does NOT contribute to the understanding of computer generations?

User interface design Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Concepts

Computers are ubiquitous tools in the 21st century, used in various aspects of daily life, including handheld devices like PDAs, tablets, and smartphones.
Digital computers represent data using coded electrical pulses, unlike analog computers.
Computer development has progressed through stages, including the invention of the abacus in 7th century BC for addition, the slide rule in 1620, mechanical calculators by Pascal (1642), Morland (1663-1666), and Leibniz (1671).
Jacquard's punched cards (1801) were a significant development.
Charles Babbage (considered the Father of Computing) designed the Difference Engine (1823) and Analytical Engine, though these weren't fully built.
Hermann Hollerith (1860-1929) developed equipment for the US census in the 1880s.
George Boole laid the foundation of Boolean Algebra in the 1850s, which connects logic theory and probability.
Alan Turing (1936) proposed a test to assess machine thinking (Turing machine).
J.W. Mauchly and J.P. Eckert designed the ENIAC (1939).
Howard Aiken invented a fully automatic calculator (1944).
M.V. Wilkes designed the EDSAC (1949).
John von Neumann, Herman Goldstine, and A.W. Burks (1946-1949) contributed to the design of modern computer architecture.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) was significant in computer development.
Computer science studies computers and computational systems. A computer is an automatic electronic data processing system that accepts data, processes it with specified rules, produces information, and stores it.

Computer Classification

Classification based on technological innovation: Computers are categorized into generations based on their characteristics (e.g., vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, very large-scale integration).
- The first generation (mid-1940s - 1950s) used vacuum tubes (e.g., ENIAC).
- The second generation (late 1950s - mid 1960s) used transistors (e.g., UNIVAC 1107, IBM 7030).
- The third generation (mid 1960s - 1970) employed integrated circuits (e.g., PDP-11, CDC 6600).
- The fourth generation (1971) involved very large-scale integration (microprocessors), leading to microcomputers (e.g., IBM 3033).
- The fifth generation is associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Classification based on data representation: This classifies computers as digital, analog, or hybrid. Digital computers use discrete variables; analog computers use continuous physical quantities; and hybrid computers combine both.
Classification based on purpose: There are general-purpose computers which perform various tasks and special-purpose computers designed for specific tasks.

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