Bases of Social Behavior in Health

A model that emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

The study of how psychological factors influence physical health and well-being.

A long-term condition that persists over time and may require ongoing management.

The tendency to experience anxiety related to bodily sensations.

A condition characterized by persistent pain that persists beyond the expected healing time.

The study of how personality traits influence health and illness.

The process of comparing oneself to others, often in terms of physical health.

The tendency for people to experience depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues in conjunction with chronic pain.

A psychological model that emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping human development. Focuses on the interconnectedness of layers of the environment influencing an individual.

Suggests that individual personality traits, such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, extraversion, and neuroticism, can influence health behaviors and outcomes.

A scientific approach that examines the connections between psychological, neural, and immune processes in health and disease.

A theoretical framework used to understand and predict health behavior. It proposes that a person's intention to engage in a behavior is influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Describes how patients manage their emotional distress in primary care settings. It highlights the importance of addressing and managing emotional distress in medical settings.

The tendency of individuals in a group to conform to the shared beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of the group.

A process where individuals' perceptions and judgments are influenced by the opinions and behaviors of other group members, eventually leading to the establishment of common ground.

A type of social influence that occurs when individuals conform to the behaviors of others because they believe those others have accurate information.

A type of social influence that occurs when individuals conform to the behaviors of others to gain social approval or avoid disapproval.

A process where individuals' behavior is influenced by the mere presence of others, leading to enhanced performance on simple tasks or impaired performance on complex tasks.

A process where individuals' performance on a task is weakened in the presence of others.

A study by Muzafer Sherif used to demonstrate how individuals' perceptions can be influenced by the group's consensus, highlighting the formation of group norms and conformity.

The process by which a group develops shared attitudes, values, and behaviors over time.

The study that focuses on how individuals think, feel and behave in social situations. It explores the influence of social factors on our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Unwritten rules or expectations that guide behavior within a group or society. These norms influence our actions even when we are alone, shaping how we think we should behave.

The process of using the scientific method to research, analyze, and explain social phenomena. It relies on empirical data and rigorous research methods to test theories.

The idea that a theory in social psychology must be supported by evidence and backed up by real-world observations and data.

A mental representation of an individual, group, or concept. Attitudes are often based on our beliefs and values and influence our behavior.

A state of discomfort or tension that occurs when our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors are inconsistent with one another.

The sense of belonging and identity that we derive from our membership in groups. It can influence our behavior and how we interact with others.

Generalized beliefs about a group of people, often oversimplified and inaccurate. They can influence our expectations and judgments.

The tendency for individuals to conform to the opinions or behaviors of a group, even when those opinions or behaviors are incorrect.

The degree to which an individual conforms to group pressure is influenced by their perceived social status within the group. Individuals with lower status or those who feel less accepted are more likely to conform.

The perceived competency level of an individual in a given task can influence their susceptibility to conformity. Individuals who feel less competent are more likely to conform to the group's opinion.

Studies have shown that the gender of the participants and the experimenter can influence the level of conformity. Women have been found to be more conformist in tasks where men are perceived as experts.

The theory that individuals are motivated to maintain consistency in their beliefs and actions. When individuals conform to a group opinion, they may experience dissonance (a feeling of discomfort) if their personal beliefs contradict the group's views. To reduce this dissonance, they may adjust their beliefs or actions.

The theory that individuals infer their attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior. If someone conforms to a group opinion, they may come to believe that opinion is their own. This can lead to further conformity.

Cultural differences can impact conformity levels. Studies have shown variations in conformity across different cultures, suggesting that cultural norms and values play a role in shaping individuals' susceptibility to group pressure.

In 1961, Stanley Milgram conducted a study that showed that Norwegians tended to conform to a greater extent than French individuals. This demonstrates that national cultural influences can affect susceptibility to conformity.

Cultural norms significantly influence conformity levels. Individuals from individualistic cultures (Western) tend to be less conformist than those from collectivist cultures (Eastern).

Asch's research investigated the effect of group size on conformity. He found that conformity increases with group size up to a certain point (around 4 members), after which it plateaus. Larger groups do not have a proportionally greater impact.

This is the idea that individuals gain more influence when perceived as separate, independent sources of information rather than a unified group. This occurs because the individual's viewpoint is seen as unique and less susceptible to groupthink.

The theory proposing that social influence is a product of source strength, immediacy, and number of sources. Influence increases up to a point with a greater number of sources, then plateaus.

A group that an individual belongs to, identifies with, and feels a sense of closeness to. A group that an individual shares common values, beliefs, and experiences with.

A group that an individual does not belong to, identifies with, or feels a sense of closeness to. It's a group perceived as different, often with opposing views or values.

According to Wilder's theory, in-groups exert a greater influence on an individual compared to out-groups because the individual perceives the in-group as more credible and trustworthy.

Wilder's theory suggests that out-groups are less influential because their views are perceived as less legitimate, trustworthy, or relevant to a person's own experience.