unit 4 , chapter 6
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a virus?

  • A living organism composed of nucleic acid and protein
  • A small organism that can multiply outside of host cells
  • A type of bacteria that infects humans
  • A non-living parasite that infects host cells (correct)

    • What is the main reason why viruses are not included in the tree of life?

  • They do not have a cellular structure (correct)
  • They are too small to be classified
  • They are not composed of DNA or RNA
  • They cannot multiply outside of host cells

    • What is the role of the host cell in viral replication?

  • The host cell releases the virus particles
  • The host cell protects the virus from the immune system
  • The host cell assembles the virus particles (correct)
  • The host cell provides energy for the virus to replicate

    • What is meant by the term 'host range' in relation to viruses?

    <p>The range of hosts that a virus can infect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can viruses be transmitted from one host to another?

    <p>Through physical contact with arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the attachment of the virus to the plasma membrane of the host cell?

    <p>Penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus enters the host cell by fusing its envelope with the plasma membrane?

    <p>Enveloped virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus is taken into the host cell by endocytosis?

    <p>Non-enveloped virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus requires reverse transcriptase to generate a provirus?

    <p>RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the viral growth curve is characterized by the release of many viral particles into the medium?

    <p>Burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of the one-step multiplication curve for a bacteriophage population involves the entry of the viral genome into the host cell?

    <p>Eclipse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the burst size in the context of a bacteriophage population?

    <p>The maximum number of virions produced per bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can virions in a liquid medium be separated from host cells?

    <p>By both centrifugation and filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of virus cultivation, what is a bacterial lawn?

    <p>A layer of bacteria grown in a Petri dish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell culture?

    <p>Cells isolated from animal organs or tissues and suspended in a solution of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of viruses has an envelope in addition to capsid?

    <p>Enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of spikes found in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Hemagglutin and Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Neuraminidase spike in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Helps release virions from the host cell after replication and assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are viruses classified into families and genera?

    <p>Based on viral genetics, chemistry, morphology, and mechanism of multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

    <p>The phage infects and replicates within a bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents can inactivate viruses?

    <p>Physical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about antiviral drugs?

    <p>They inhibit virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do neuraminidase inhibitors target?

    <p>Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

    <p>Ribavirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs react with HIV protease to reduce protein size and make capsid?

    <p>Protease inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell culture is affected by contact inhibition?

    <p>Primary cell cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between viroids and virusoids?

    <p>Viroids are self-replicating, while virusoids are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)?

    <p>Prions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal prion protein (PrPc) in prion diseases?

    <p>It gets converted into the disease-causing form (PrPsc)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a prion disease in humans?

    <p>Chronic wasting disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do neuraminidase inhibitors target?

    <p>Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs react with HIV protease to reduce protein size and make capsid?

    <p>Protease inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents can inactivate viruses?

    <p>Chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the attachment of the virus to the plasma membrane of the host cell?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why viruses are not included in the tree of life?

    <p>They lack metabolic machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the attachment of the virus to the plasma membrane of the host cell?

    <p>Attachment-Binding facilitated by spikes distributed over the surface of the capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus requires reverse transcriptase to generate a provirus?

    <p>RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the replication of RNA viruses?

    <p>Synthesis of +ssRNA from -ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of the viral growth curve is characterized by the release of many viral particles into the medium?

    <p>Burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of integration for the varicella-zoster virus during a latent infection?

    <p>Host cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a virus?

    <p>A submicroscopic, infectious, parasitic, non-living agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virus' capsid structure?

    <p>To help the virus attach to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the host range of a virus?

    <p>The range of organisms that a virus can infect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can viruses be transmitted from one host to another?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the host cell in viral replication?

    <p>To serve as a site for viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell culture is not affected by contact inhibition?

    <p>Continuous cell culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of viroids?

    <p>Require a helper virus for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virus-like agent?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of prions?

    <p>Can be infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by prions?

    <p>Mad cow disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the burst size in the context of a bacteriophage population?

    <p>The maximum number of virions produced per bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between in vivo and in vitro cultivation of viruses?

    <p>In vivo cultivation requires a living host organism, while in vitro cultivation is done outside a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source for in vivo cultivation of animal viruses?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using continuous cell lines for virus culture?

    <p>They can be grown indefinitely without contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can virions be separated from host cells in virus cultivation?

    <p>By both centrifugation and filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of viruses based on general composition?

    <p>Spiked viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Hemagglutin (H) spike in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Helps the virion attach and penetrate host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about temperate phages?

    <p>They can become part of a host chromosome and are replicated with the cell genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of T-even bacteriophage involves the degradation of the bacterial chromosome and synthesis of multiple copies of viral DNA?

    <p>Biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the lytic cycle of a virulent bacteriophage?

    <p>The phage replicates and lyses the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the one-step multiplication curve of a bacteriophage population involves the entry of the viral genome into the host cell?

    <p>Eclipse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of virions produced per bacterium known as?

    <p>Burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can virions in a liquid medium be separated from host cells?

    <p>Both centrifugation and filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell culture has a limited life span and is prone to contact inhibition?

    <p>Primary cell culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why viruses require a living host cell for replication?

    <p>To ensure efficient replication of their genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a viral structure?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of viruses have an envelope in addition to a capsid?

    <p>Complex viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Hemagglutin (H) spike in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Helps the virion attach and penetrate host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using continuous cell lines for virus culture?

    <p>They can be maintained and propagated indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the lysogenic cycle of a temperate bacteriophage?

    <p>The phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the integration of the viral genome into the host cell genome?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus enters the host cell by fusing its envelope with the plasma membrane?

    <p>Enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus is taken into the cell by endocytosis?

    <p>Non-enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus requires reverse transcriptase to generate a provirus?

    <p>RNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the release of new virions from the host cell?

    <p>Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents can inactivate viruses?

    <p>Physical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about antiviral drugs?

    <p>They inhibit virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of neuraminidase inhibitors?

    <p>They prevent release of new virions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor?

    <p>Azidothymidine (AZT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of protease inhibitors?

    <p>They inhibit viral maturation/release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a virus?

    <p>A submicroscopic, infectious, parasitic, non-living agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virion?

    <p>To infect the host cell and replicate inside it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between host range and tissue specificity in viruses?

    <p>Host range refers to the organisms a virus can infect, while tissue specificity refers to the tissues a virus can infect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for viruses?

    <p>Transmission through the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of arthropods in viral transmission?

    <p>They act as mechanical vectors, carrying the virus on the outside of their body and transmitting it through physical contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of primary cell cultures?

    <p>They require a secondary culture for sustained growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virus-like agent?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about viroids?

    <p>They are fragments of DNA that cause disease in crop plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about virusoids?

    <p>They require a helper virus for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prions?

    <p>They cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antiviral drug directly binds to reverse transcriptase and inhibits transcription, preventing synthesis of DNA in retroviruses?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

    <p>Ribavirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug blocks fusion of the HIV envelope with the host cell plasma membrane?

    <p>Enfuvirtide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug prevents the development of Influenza A?

    <p>Amantadine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical agent can inactivate viruses?

    <p>Physical and chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the one-step multiplication curve of a bacteriophage population involves the attachment of virions to host cells?

    <p>Inoculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a virus?

    <p>A submicroscopic, infectious, parasitic, non-living agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of centrifugation or filtration in the isolation of viruses?

    <p>To separate virions from host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virion?

    <p>To infect a host cell and take over its metabolic machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell culture has a limited life span and is prone to contact inhibition?

    <p>Primary cell culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the host range of a virus?

    <p>The range of hosts that a virus can infect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of T-even bacteriophage involves the degradation of the bacterial chromosome and synthesis of multiple copies of viral DNA?

    <p>Eclipse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can viruses be transmitted from one host to another?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why animal viruses require cells within a host animal or tissue-culture cells for cultivation?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the replication of RNA viruses?

    <p>To convert RNA into DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of animal viruses involves the fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the host cell?

    <p>Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus requires the synthesis of a complementary strand before it can replicate its genome?

    <p>DNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA virus must first use its negative-sense RNA as a template to synthesize positive-sense RNA before viral proteins can be synthesized?

    <p>-ssRNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the viral growth curve is characterized by a very steep rise in viral titer, indicating the release of a large number of viral particles?

    <p>Burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal virus can enter a dormant phase within the host cell nucleus and reactivate under stress?

    <p>Latent virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of viruses have an envelope in addition to a capsid?

    <p>Enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the life cycle of T-even bacteriophage involves the degradation of the bacterial chromosome and synthesis of multiple copies of viral DNA?

    <p>Biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Neuraminidase (N) spike in the Influenza virus?

    <p>Helps release virions from the host cell after replication and assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the burst size in the context of a bacteriophage population?

    <p>The number of bacteriophages released from a lysed bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do neuraminidase inhibitors target?

    <p>Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of primary cell cultures?

    <p>They require a secondary culture to sustain growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viroids?

    <p>They take control of the host machinery to replicate their RNA genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of virusoids?

    <p>They require a specific 'helper' virus to infect cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prions?

    <p>They are composed solely of protein and contain no nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by prions?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

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