Unit 4 section 1. Chapter 5.1:
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Questions and Answers

Which organism is responsible for African Sleeping Sickness?

  • Trypanosoma brucei (correct)
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Toxoplasma gondii

What is the primary vector for Chagas disease?

  • Kissing bug (correct)
  • Anopheles mosquito
  • Tsetse fly
  • Aedes mosquito

What symptom is commonly associated with Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals?

  • Coma
  • Organ failure (correct)
  • Severe fever
  • Confusion

Which drug is known to treat multidrug-resistant malaria?

<p>Artemisinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which sporozoites develop in the mosquito's liver?

<p>Schizogony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly observed in African Sleeping Sickness?

<p>Sleep disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs inhibits DNA synthesis in protozoa?

<p>Nitroimidazoles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vector is responsible for transmitting the organism Trypanosoma cruzi?

<p>Kissing bug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Aminoquinolines function in treating protozoal infections?

<p>Disrupts hemoglobin breakdown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Chagas disease?

<p>Swelling at bite site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the contractile vacuole in protozoa?

<p>Regulates water by expelling excess (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which life cycle stage of protozoa is known for being the dormant stage?

<p>Cyst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes amoebas from other protozoan groups?

<p>Use of pseudopodia for movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoa is classified as an apicomplexan?

<p>Plasmodium vivax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is common to all excavata protozoa?

<p>Presence of flagellar structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infectious stage of a protozoan called that is often transferred to a host?

<p>Sporozoite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of slime mold develops into mobile slugs that later form fruiting bodies?

<p>Cellular slime molds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the organism Phlebotomus in relation to protozoan diseases?

<p>Transmits leishmaniasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature do ciliates possess that is critical for their movement?

<p>Cilia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these protozoan diseases is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms and caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?

<p>Trichomoniasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a trophozoite?

A stage in a protozoan's life cycle where it is actively feeding and growing. Think of it like a busy bee collecting pollen.

What is a cyst?

A resting stage in a protozoan's life cycle. This stage allows the protozoan to survive harsh conditions.

What is a contractile vacuole?

A specialized structure in protozoa that helps regulate water balance by pumping excess water out of the cell.

What are pseudopodia?

These are 'arms' used for movement and anchoring in protozoa. Think of them as little legs.

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How are protozoa classified?

Protozoa are classified based on their mode of movement. Examples include flagella, pseudopodia, or lack of motility.

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What are amoebas?

This type of protozoan uses pseudopodia for movement and capturing bacteria. They are classified in two major types - Entamoeba histolytica and Naegleria fowleri.

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What are slime molds?

They exist in two forms: cellular and plasmodial. Cellular slime molds form mobile slugs that develop into fruiting bodies producing spores. Plasmodial slime molds are large multinucleate cells forming reproductive stalks producing spores.

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What are apicomplexans?

This parasitic protozoan possesses an apical tip for host cell penetration. They display a ring stage in red blood cells.

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What are excavata?

These protozoa have flagella for movement and are classified into three groups: Fornicates, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans.

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Which disease is caused by Leishmania?

It is known to cause disfiguring skin disease in humans. The vector is the sandfly.

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Malaria

A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.

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Merozoites

The stage of the Plasmodium life cycle in which the parasite infects red blood cells (RBCs).

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Gametocytes

The stage of the Plasmodium life cycle that develops in the mosquito's gut and then is transmitted through bites.

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African Sleeping Sickness

A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by the tsetse fly.

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Chagas Disease

A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by the kissing bug.

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Toxoplasmosis

A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It is primarily transmitted through consuming undercooked meat or contaminated cat feces.

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Stibogluconate Drugs

A class of drugs used to treat protozoal infections by disrupting their metabolic processes.

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Nitroimidazoles

A class of drugs used to treat protozoal infections by inhibiting DNA synthesis.

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Aminoquinolines

A class of drugs used to treat malaria by accumulating in parasitized red blood cells, disrupting the breakdown of hemoglobin.

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Artemisinin

A drug used to treat multidrug-resistant malaria, particularly in severe cases.

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Study Notes

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites (Protozoa)

  • Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
  • Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
  • Are aerobic heterotrophs, needing oxygen and organic compounds for energy.
  • Exhibit two main life cycle stages:
    • Trophozoite: Active feeding and growth stage.
    • Cyst: Dormant stage.

Protozoan Structural Features

  • Contractile vacuole: A star-like structure regulating water balance by expelling excess water.
  • Pseudopodia: "Arms" of the cell used for movement and anchoring.
  • Kinetoplastid: Specialized mitochondria.

Protozoan Life Cycle Stages

  • Trophozoite: Active feeding and growth stage.
  • Cyst: Dormant stage.
  • Sporozoite: Infectious stage transferred to a host.
  • Merozoite: Product of nuclear division, often infecting host cells.
  • Gametocyte: Reproductive cell stage.

Protozoa Classification

  • Protozoa are classified based on their movement structures (e.g., flagella, pseudopodia, or lack of motility).

Amoebas

  • Single-celled organisms, primarily free-living in freshwater.
  • Use pseudopodia for movement and capturing bacteria.
  • Types:
    • Entamoeba histolytica: Causes amoebiasis.
    • Naegleria fowleri: Causes brain infection.

Slime Molds

  • Two types:
    • Cellular slime molds: Form mobile "slugs" that develop into fruiting bodies producing haploid spores (e.g., Dictyostelium discoideum).
    • Plasmodial slime molds: Large multinucleate cells forming reproductive stalks and producing spores (e.g., Fuligo septica).

Apicomplexans

  • Non-motile and parasitic.
  • Possess an apical complex for penetrating host cells.
  • Display a ring stage within red blood cells (RBCs).
  • Types:
    • Plasmodium vivax: Causes malaria (pink circles in RBCs).
    • Toxoplasma gondii: Causes toxoplasmosis (purple crescents).

Ciliates

  • Examples:
    • Balantidium coli: Causes balantidiasis.
    • Paramecium: Non-pathogenic.

Excavata

  • Group of protozoa classified based on flagellar structures.
  • Examples:
    • Fornicates: Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis.
    • Parabasalids: Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichonympha.
    • Euglenozoans: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi.

Protozoan Diseases and Life Cycles

  • Leishmaniasis: Disfiguring skin disease; transmitted by sandflies (Phlebotomus).
  • Trichomoniasis: Vaginal discomfort, transmitted through sexual contact.
  • Malaria: Fever, chills, transmitted by mosquitoes (Plasmodium species).
    • Mosquito injects sporozoites into liver
    • Liver cells divide forming merozoites
    • Merozoites infect red blood cells, releasing more merozoites
    • Some merozoites develop into gametocytes, completing life cycle in mosquito.
  • African Sleeping Sickness: Sleep disturbances, transmitted by tsetse flies (Trypanosoma brucei).
  • Chagas Disease: Fever, transmitted by kissing bugs (Trypanosoma cruzi).
  • Toxoplasmosis: Often asymptomatic, transmitted through undercooked meat or contaminated cat feces (Toxoplasma gondii).

Anti-Protozoal Drugs

  • Stibogluconate: Disrupts protozoal metabolism.
  • Nitroimidazoles: Inhibit DNA synthesis.
  • Aminoquinolines: Accumulate in parasitized RBCs, disrupting hemoglobin breakdown.
  • Artemisinin: Treats multidrug-resistant malaria in severe cases.

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