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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of pathogenicity?
What is the definition of pathogenicity?
- The process of a microorganism establishing in a host
- The actual damage or injury that impairs host function
- The ability of a parasite to inflict damage on the host (correct)
- The enhanced ability of microbes to attach to host tissues
How do pathogens typically adhere to epithelial cells?
How do pathogens typically adhere to epithelial cells?
- By gaining access to host tissues through puncture wounds or cuts
- Through interactions between molecules on the pathogen and host tissues (correct)
- By establishing an infection through mucous membranes
- Via the formation of biofilm on the host
What is the role of microbial adherence in disease initiation?
What is the role of microbial adherence in disease initiation?
- Sufficient to initiate disease
- Necessary but not sufficient to start disease (correct)
- Critical in establishing an infection
- Not required for disease initiation
How do pathogens gain access to host tissues?
How do pathogens gain access to host tissues?
Which of the following is true about the virulence of a pathogen?
Which of the following is true about the virulence of a pathogen?
What is the main cause of nosocomial infections?
What is the main cause of nosocomial infections?
What makes individuals more susceptible to infections?
What makes individuals more susceptible to infections?
Which infections are considered opportunistic?
Which infections are considered opportunistic?
Which structure is involved in specific adherence in infections by various bacteria?
Which structure is involved in specific adherence in infections by various bacteria?
What is the term for a pathogen's relative ability to cause disease, quantified by factors such as mortality and illness?
What is the term for a pathogen's relative ability to cause disease, quantified by factors such as mortality and illness?
What is the term for the decrease or loss of virulence in pathogens, which can be developed in the laboratory through passages?
What is the term for the decrease or loss of virulence in pathogens, which can be developed in the laboratory through passages?
What provides attachment sites for bacteria in saliva, leading to dental plaque and tooth decay?
What provides attachment sites for bacteria in saliva, leading to dental plaque and tooth decay?
What involves the growth of microorganisms in host tissues, beginning at birth with exposure to harmless bacteria and viruses?
What involves the growth of microorganisms in host tissues, beginning at birth with exposure to harmless bacteria and viruses?
Which bacterial structure has specific receptors for attachment to host tissues and can evade the host defense system?
Which bacterial structure has specific receptors for attachment to host tissues and can evade the host defense system?
What is the term for a pathogen's ability to grow in host tissue, spread, and cause disease, leading to bacteremia and septicemia?
What is the term for a pathogen's ability to grow in host tissue, spread, and cause disease, leading to bacteremia and septicemia?
Which pathogen requires few infectious agents to cause disease?
Which pathogen requires few infectious agents to cause disease?
What are structures involved in specific adherence in infections by various bacteria, along with fimbriae?
What are structures involved in specific adherence in infections by various bacteria, along with fimbriae?
What is the term for the growth of microorganisms in host tissues, beginning at birth with exposure to harmless bacteria and viruses?
What is the term for the growth of microorganisms in host tissues, beginning at birth with exposure to harmless bacteria and viruses?
Which term refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
Which term refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, leading to bacteremia and septicemia?
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, leading to bacteremia and septicemia?
Which type of toxin inhibits muscle contraction by cleaving proteins involved in acetylcholine release?
Which type of toxin inhibits muscle contraction by cleaving proteins involved in acetylcholine release?
Which type of toxin causes massive fluid secretion in the small intestine by activating adenylyl cyclase?
Which type of toxin causes massive fluid secretion in the small intestine by activating adenylyl cyclase?
Which type of toxin inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor EF-2?
Which type of toxin inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor EF-2?
Which type of toxin floods neuromuscular junctions with acetylcholine, causing muscle contraction?
Which type of toxin floods neuromuscular junctions with acetylcholine, causing muscle contraction?
Which type of toxin promotes blood clotting to block access to the bacteria?
Which type of toxin promotes blood clotting to block access to the bacteria?
Which type of toxin dissolves blood clots to invade deeper tissues?
Which type of toxin dissolves blood clots to invade deeper tissues?
Which type of toxin degrades cytoplasmic membranes, causing cell lysis and death?
Which type of toxin degrades cytoplasmic membranes, causing cell lysis and death?
Which component of bacteria are endotoxins part of?
Which component of bacteria are endotoxins part of?
Which type of toxin is heat-stable?
Which type of toxin is heat-stable?
Which type of toxin is heat-labile?
Which type of toxin is heat-labile?
Which type of toxin is often highly toxic in small quantities?
Which type of toxin is often highly toxic in small quantities?
Which type of toxin is relatively poor in eliciting an immune response?
Which type of toxin is relatively poor in eliciting an immune response?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Toxins and Their Mechanisms of Action
- Infectious bacteria produce enzymes to breakdown the host’s tissues, such as hyaluronidase from Streptococcus pyogenes and collagenase from Clostridia.
- Coagulase promotes blood clotting to block access to the bacteria, while streptokinase dissolves blood clots to invade deeper tissues.
- Exotoxins are toxic proteins secreted by pathogens, including AB toxins, cytolytic toxins, and superantigen toxins.
- Diphtheria toxin, an AB exotoxin, inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor EF-2.
- Botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum inhibits muscle contraction by cleaving proteins involved in acetylcholine release.
- Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetanus floods neuromuscular junctions with acetylcholine, causing muscle contraction.
- Cholera enterotoxin causes massive fluid secretion in the small intestine by activating adenylyl cyclase.
- Cytolytic exotoxins degrade cytoplasmic membranes, causing cell lysis and death.
- Endotoxins are part of the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
- Exotoxins are heat-labile proteins, while endotoxins are extremely heat-stable lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotein complexes.
- Exotoxins are often highly toxic in small quantities, while endotoxins are moderately toxic in larger amounts.
- Exotoxins are immunogenic and can elicit an immune response, while endotoxins are relatively poor immunogens.
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