Bacterial Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical diameter range of most bacteria?

0.1 to 1.0 µm

1.0 to 3.0 µm

2.0 to 5.0 µm

0.2 to 2.0 µm (correct)

Which shape corresponds to rod-shaped bacteria?

Pleomorphic

Bacillus (correct)

Coccus

Spiral

What role does the glycocalyx play for pathogens?

Facilitates respiration

Provides nutrients to bacteria

Protects from phagocytosis (correct)

Enables cell division

How do flagella help motile bacteria?

By rotating to push the cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Adhering to surfaces (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major structural component of the bacterial cell wall?

NAG and NAM (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria?

Many layers of peptidoglycan (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of porins in the bacterial outer membrane?

Permit small molecules to pass through (D) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Presence of a nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and is crucial for colonization?

Pili (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Protection against phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria cell wall types is characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer?

Gram-positive bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria primarily move?

By flagella (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant characteristic of mycoplasmas?

They are resistant to cell wall inhibitors. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do endospores play in bacterial survival?

Protect against harsh conditions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts concerning their cell wall?

Protoplasts are devoid of any cell wall. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct forms of Coxiella burnetii identified in research?

Large cell variant and small cell variant (A) Signup and view all the answers

What structural characteristic distinguishes the large cell variant (LCV) of Coxiella burnetii?

Separation by periplasm containing minimal peptidoglycan (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment was shown to result in only small cell variants (SCVs) of Coxiella burnetii being present?

Sonication followed by incubation at 45°C (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is Coxiella burnetii classified as gram-negative?

Its wall structure and chemical composition resemble that of gram-negative bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, and how does its mode of transmission differ from that of closely related rickettsia?

Q fever; it can be transmitted airborne due to SCVs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lipid A in lipopolysaccharides?

It serves as an endotoxin. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the crystal violet in gram-negative bacteria during the staining process?

It is removed by a decolorizer. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

Archaea (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when a gram-positive cell wall is destroyed in the presence of lysozyme?

Protoplast (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics like penicillin affect bacteria?

They interfere with cell wall synthesis. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure do mesosomes represent in the context of plasma membranes?

Artifacts of cell preparation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the nature of the plasma membrane?

It serves as a selectively permeable barrier. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Prokaryotic ribosomes lack a membrane. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the composition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

Eukaryotic cell walls can have chitin, while prokaryotic walls have peptidoglycan. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is NOT typically associated with the Golgi complex?

Mitochondria (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum differ in terms of structure and function?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not and is involved in lipid metabolism. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic that differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the antibiotic erythromycin affect prokaryotic cells?

It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a significant difference between the nucleus of a eukaryote and the nucleoid of a prokaryote?

The eukaryotic nucleus contains linear DNA, while the prokaryotic nucleoid has circular DNA. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes for protein synthesis. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of centrioles in eukaryotic cells?

Form the mitotic spindle and microtubules (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the endosymbiotic theory, how did eukaryotic cells evolve?

From prokaryotes that lived symbiotically within other prokaryotes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endospores from regular bacterial reproduction?

Endospores serve as a method for resting and survival under adverse conditions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one critical difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria typically retain violet stains; gram-negative do not (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?

Active transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of porins in gram-negative bacterial cells?

They enable the passage of small water-soluble molecules (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes alters the substrate after its transport across the membrane?

Group translocation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the protective endospore wall enhance bacterial survival?

It provides resistance to adverse environmental conditions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in their overall cell structure. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have them.
Bacteria have 3 basic shapes: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral.
The glycocalyx is a gelatinous covering that protects and aids in attachment; it may be a capsule or slime layer.
Flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili are important for movement and attachment.
Cell walls differ in composition across bacterial types; gram-positive have thick peptidoglycan layers, while gram-negative have thin peptidoglycan layers surrounded by an outer membrane.
Archaea and mycoplasms are atypical prokaryotes; Archaea lack peptidoglycan, while mycoplasms lack cell walls.
Protoplasts, spheroplasts, and L forms are forms of bacteria that lack cell walls.
Key functions of prokaryotic cells include the nucleoid (DNA location) and ribosomes (protein synthesis).
Various inclusions store nutrients or other substances within bacterial cells.
Endospores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions; sporulation is the formation of endospores, and endospore germination is the return to a vegetative state.
Prokaryotic flagella and eukaryotic flagella differ structurally. Prokaryotic flagella rotate, and eukaryotic flagella whip.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in their cell walls, glycocalyxes, plasma membranes, and cytoplasms.
Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S and are found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous organelles including a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and centrosomes.
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, controlling the passage of substances into and out of cells.
Movement across the plasma membrane can occur through passive processes (diffusion, osmosis) and active processes (active transport, group translocation).
The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell.
The nucleoid region houses the bacterial chromosome.
Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have various organelles such as mitochondria for energy production and chloroplasts for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic structures, such as flagella, cell walls, plasma membranes, and cytoplasm, differ significantly in their structure and function.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and function of bacteria with this quiz. From the roles of glycocalyx and fimbriae to the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, this quiz covers essential microbiology concepts. See how well you understand the various features that define bacterial cells.