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Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to ______________ a host and cause disease.
Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to ______________ a host and cause disease.
infect
The severity of the disease in infected hosts is referred to as ______________.
The severity of the disease in infected hosts is referred to as ______________.
virulence
Microbes that colonize the body and usually do not cause disease are referred to as ______________ flora.
Microbes that colonize the body and usually do not cause disease are referred to as ______________ flora.
normal
The ability of a pathogen to invade and establish itself within the host is referred to as ______________.
The ability of a pathogen to invade and establish itself within the host is referred to as ______________.
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Microorganisms that live on another living organism or inanimate object without causing disease are referred to as ______________ flora.
Microorganisms that live on another living organism or inanimate object without causing disease are referred to as ______________ flora.
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______ establishment of infection by bacterial pathogens requires adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and in certain cases, cellular invasion—followed by intracellular multiplication, dissemination to other tissues, or persistence.
______ establishment of infection by bacterial pathogens requires adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and in certain cases, cellular invasion—followed by intracellular multiplication, dissemination to other tissues, or persistence.
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Toxins are a very specific ______ factor produced by some bacterial pathogens, in the form of substances that are poisonous to the host.
Toxins are a very specific ______ factor produced by some bacterial pathogens, in the form of substances that are poisonous to the host.
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Exotoxins are heat-sensitive soluble ______ that are released into the surrounding environment by a living organism.
Exotoxins are heat-sensitive soluble ______ that are released into the surrounding environment by a living organism.
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Type I exotoxins are ______-active – these toxins bind to cell receptors and stimulate cell responses.
Type I exotoxins are ______-active – these toxins bind to cell receptors and stimulate cell responses.
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Type II exotoxins exert their effect on the host cell ______, often by forming pores in the membrane of the target cell.
Type II exotoxins exert their effect on the host cell ______, often by forming pores in the membrane of the target cell.
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Brushing teeth is linked to the lower risks of atrial fibrillation and ______.
Brushing teeth is linked to the lower risks of atrial fibrillation and ______.
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Host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or ______ level.
Host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or ______ level.
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Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind host cell targets to facilitate a variety of different host ______.
Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind host cell targets to facilitate a variety of different host ______.
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Host-pathogen interactions can be classified into two types: ______ and indirect.
Host-pathogen interactions can be classified into two types: ______ and indirect.
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The molecular strategies used by bacteria to interact with the host can be unique to specific pathogens or ______ across several different species.
The molecular strategies used by bacteria to interact with the host can be unique to specific pathogens or ______ across several different species.
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A ______ pathogen infects a host that is compromised in some way.
A ______ pathogen infects a host that is compromised in some way.
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The human body is not ______ at birth, but becomes colonized by bacteria.
The human body is not ______ at birth, but becomes colonized by bacteria.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly found in the ______ respiratory tract.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly found in the ______ respiratory tract.
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A breach in the body’s natural defenses creates a ______ of entry for bacteria.
A breach in the body’s natural defenses creates a ______ of entry for bacteria.
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Knowledge of normal flora helps predict the ______ causing infection in specific body sites.
Knowledge of normal flora helps predict the ______ causing infection in specific body sites.
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The A subunit of the toxin will cleave the cellular ______ resulting in a decrease in neurotransmitter release.
The A subunit of the toxin will cleave the cellular ______ resulting in a decrease in neurotransmitter release.
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Endotoxins are made by Gram negative bacteria, as a component of the outer membrane of their cell wall containing ______.
Endotoxins are made by Gram negative bacteria, as a component of the outer membrane of their cell wall containing ______.
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The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into routes, regardless of the ______, transmission must occur for an infection to spread.
The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into routes, regardless of the ______, transmission must occur for an infection to spread.
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Contact transmission includes direct contact, such as touching, kissing, sexual intercourse, or droplet sprays, and indirect contact - involves inanimate objects called ______.
Contact transmission includes direct contact, such as touching, kissing, sexual intercourse, or droplet sprays, and indirect contact - involves inanimate objects called ______.
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A massive release of ______ in a host can cause endotoxin shock, which can be deadly.
A massive release of ______ in a host can cause endotoxin shock, which can be deadly.
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Study Notes
Pathogenicity and Virulence
- Successful establishment of infection by bacterial pathogens requires adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and in certain cases, cellular invasion, followed by intracellular multiplication, dissemination to other tissues, or persistence.
Toxins
- Toxins are a very specific virulence factor produced by some bacterial pathogens, in the form of substances that are poisonous to the host.
- Toxigenicity refers to an organism’s ability to make toxins.
- There are two categories of toxins: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins
- Exotoxins are heat-sensitive soluble proteins that are released into the surrounding environment by a living organism.
- There are three categories of exotoxins:
- Type I: cell surface-active – bind to cell receptors and stimulate cell responses.
- Type II: membrane-damaging – exert their effect on the host cell membrane, often by forming pores in the membrane of the target cell.
- Type III: intracellular – gain access to a particular host cell and stimulate a reaction within the target cell.
Endotoxins
- Endotoxins are made by Gram-negative bacteria, as a component of the outer membrane of their cell wall.
- Endotoxins can cause endotoxin shock, which can be deadly.
Pathogenicity vs. Virulence
- Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to infect a host and cause disease.
- Aggressiveness is the ability of the pathogen to invade and establish itself within the host.
- Virulence is the severity of the disease in infected hosts (or degree of pathogenicity).
Ecological Relationship
- Normal flora: microbes that colonize the body and usually do not cause disease.
- Opportunistic pathogens: microbes that normally do not cause disease, but may under certain circumstances.
Host-Pathogen Interaction
- Host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal, or population level.
- Routes of transmission include direct contact, droplet transmission, and indirect contact.
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
- Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind host cell targets to facilitate a variety of different host responses.
- The molecular strategies used by bacteria to interact with the host can be unique to specific pathogens or conserved across several different species.
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Description
Learn about the process of bacterial infection, including adhesion, colonization, and cellular invasion, as well as the role of toxins in pathogenesis.
