Bacterial Metabolism and Respiration

• Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules to provide energy and carbon.
• Photoautotrophs utilize light energy for this conversion.
• Chemoautotrophs derive energy from chemical reactions involving substances like ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrates, sulfur, or iron.
• High diversity exists within the Bacteria kingdom.
• The average human body is host to trillions of bacteria.

Respiration

• Bacteria needs to consistently transform energy into cellular energy and perform life functions.
• Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is used, which breaks down sugar molecules and releases energy.
• Aerobic respiration is the most efficient.
  • Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, & ATP
  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Fermentation allows cells to produce energy without using oxygen, and is less efficient.
  • It can produce acetic acid(vinegar) or lactic acid from glucose.
  • Glucose yields carbon dioxide + ethanol(or acetic acid)
• Obligate aerobes require a constant oxygen supply to survive because of the use of aerobic respiration to release energy.
• Obligate anaerobes can only survive without oxygen, and cannot tolerate oxygen.
• Fermentation is used to release energy by obligate anaerobes.
• Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can survive with, or without oxygen such as E. coli.

Reproduction and Growth

• When conditions are favorable, bacteria grow and exponentially reproduce at rapid rates
• Binary fission is an asexual way bacteria reproduce, cells divide, and then produce two identical daughter cells.
• It is a fast process without the need for a mate.

Calculating Bacteria Growth

• Bacteria divide every 20 minutes, to find out the bacterial growth use this formula
  • 300 minutes/ 20 minutes per divison= 15 - IX2' = 32768 bacteria after hours

Conjunction

• Conjunction is a pseudo sexual that bacteria exchange genetic information (plasmids).
• Cells(donor and recipient) can then exchange plasmids via a protein bridge called the sex-pilus.
• It Increases genetic variation in a population of bacteria and biodiversity to allow them to survive in any environment

Spore Formation

• Spore formation occurs when growth conditions are unfavorable, and bacteria form endospores.
• Endospores are dormant and allow bacteria to survive extreme conditions such as heat.
• When conditions improve, endospores become active cells.
• Endospores form when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its chromosomes and part of its cytoplasm
• The endospore can stay dormant for prolonged tims , then will grow when its favorable.
• Spores do facilitate reproduction and enable bacteria to survive harsh conditions
• Bacteria provide products utilized everyday and are used for food, beverages such as (cheese, yogurt, pickles etc).
• Used to clean up oil spills as they can digest petroleum can clean water and synth drugs through genetic engineering
• Symbiotic organisms

Bacteria In Our Environment

• Bacteria recycle/decompose dead material, essential to the web of life

Sewage Recomposition

• Bacteria decompose complex compounds in sewage (human waste, discarded food, chemical waste) into simple ones
• The process produces purified water, nitrogen/carbon dioxide gas, and fertilizers
• All organisms are dependent on bacteria to get nitrogen.
• Most organisms cant use nitrogen but bacteria can convert it into plant useable forms like ammonia and nitrate
• Plants then need nitrogen to make amino acids to make protein then its eatten by animals
• Many have symbiotic relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria as well.

Bacteria Causing Diseases

• Bacteria cause diseases by using cells for food, or releasing toxins.
  • Example that uses cells is the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which destroys tissues.
  • Example that uses toxins is Streptococcus.
• Some viruses cause disease and are called pathogens
• Best defense is prevention and vaccination.
• Louis Pasteur discovered that bacteria caused disease; either by attacking or using toxins
• Antibiotics combat against bacteria diseases and helps to attack and destroy bacteria

Controlling Bacteria

• Bacteria can be controlled through sterilization (boiling water/disinfectants) or food processing such as refrigeration, boiling, canning, adding salt/vinegar/sugar
• Epidemics: when diseases exceed normally expected levels in a population.
• Outbreaks: when diseases move populations.
• Pandemics: epidemics that have spread across continents and around the world.

Population Resistance

• Some people often have genetic resistance.
• Example Measles and smallpox happened 300CE and many people past and built up resistance (not in north/South America)

The Immune System

• Innate Immunity: what we are born with
• How are pathogens spread
  • Droplets bodily fluid exchange/ direct contact/ food and drink ingestion/ open wounds cuts
  • Mom can get disease from (placenta/Uterus) offspring

Lines of Defense

• First Line of Defense Physical barriers. Keeps outside the body
• The Skin keeps bacteria out unless broken, washes away and contains pores.
• Nose Hair Filter out particles
• Respiratory Trap debris
• Ear Wax traps toxins
• Stomach Is Acidic to kill bacteria
• Lysosmyes in body and tears

Lines if Defense

If microbes get in, neutralized or killed

• 2nd and third Defenses
• Neutrilized White blood cells

Nonspecific White blood cells

• WBC Are Known as Leukorytes as Erythrocytes.
• They track foreign objects in the body go to attack.
• Phagocytes attract and eject for proteins.
• Neutrophils Most are live not long. Largest working live body concentrated.

The Inflammatory Response

• Mastcells histamine = red spots.

• Swollen Under skin lots of pain.

• More WBC.

• Circulating fluid

• Send Signals fever generated WBC help Pathing and stim w/p pus dead debris

• Natural Killer (NK) cells destroy cancerous/infected body

• Immune defense

Aquined Immunity

• Immune defense Antigens things on Surface Lids, cars, proteins

Antibodies: the body produce and fight pathogen Causes destruction and cells through anti bonds made easier Pathiogens to amplify. B-cells

Th cells activate B cells Release Plasma Make antibodies 200bloodstream Pathiogens in future Memory is better to get disease Patho genes T is cells with more

Immune Defenses

• Pathogen invasion results in dendritic cell (phagocyte) activity
• This involves T-cell activation.
• Activated Helper T-cells produce effector cells.
• B-cell multiplies, and creates plasma and antibody.

Antibodies

Antibodies produced. From attack

• Memory faster at target
• More powerful

Cellular Response

• T-cells activate T cells Rupture cell, Immunity and memory Cell borrow short time The baby immunity

Active immunity: When antibodies inject to treat rabies

Virus Congo and antibody Before Hep A or V with injected patients

If the body doesn’t memory cell then its later infections. Reaction problem in compatible cells. Dont give cells with wrong reaction Kills virus

small amount of Make you sick

Bacteria are diverse, converting CO2 into organic molecules using light or chemical energy. Respiration is key, with aerobic respiration using oxygen to break down sugar efficiently. Fermentation, an alternative, produces energy without oxygen.