Veterinary Antimicrobials 2
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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?

  • Gram +ve anaerobic bacteria
  • Fungal infections
  • Gram -ve aerobic bacteria (correct)
  • Mycoplasma organisms

Which of the following statements about aminoglycosides is incorrect?

  • They may cause nephrotoxicity.
  • They inhibit protein synthesis.
  • They are bactericidal.
  • They are well absorbed from the GI tract. (correct)

What is the primary downside associated with the use of aminoglycosides?

  • Limited shelf life
  • High risk of gastrointestinal infections
  • Potential for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (correct)
  • Poor efficacy against Gram -ve bacteria

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides and lincosamides?

<p>Inhibit protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the bacteriostatic property of macrolides and lincosamides?

<p>Later generations may exhibit bactericidal properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is empirical prescribing primarily based on?

<p>Clinical judgement and available information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions is NOT a consideration when prescribing antimicrobials?

<p>What are the latest guidelines on drug pricing? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for patients with non-serious infections prior to prescribing?

<p>Consider taking microbiological samples (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect should NOT be considered when evaluating the appropriateness of an antimicrobial therapy?

<p>Personal preference of the prescribing veterinarian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor to assess before prescribing antimicrobials?

<p>The likely causative organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics?

<p>Inhibition of protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main mechanisms of action for antibacterials?

<p>Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about doxycycline is true?

<p>It is licensed for treatment of rhinitis and bronchopneumonia in cats and dogs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is NOT specifically mentioned as having clinically effective antibiotics in Category D?

<p>Macrolides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification is assigned to tetracycline antibiotics?

<p>Class D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known side effect associated with tetracycline use?

<p>Oesophageal erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms do antibacterials primarily target?

<p>Prokaryotes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the mechanisms of action of antibacterials includes damaging which element of the bacteria?

<p>Cell wall integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should tetracycline antibiotics be used with caution in young animals?

<p>They can bind to calcium and affect bone growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes relevant to antibacterials?

<p>Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have different cellular structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of amphenicols?

<p>They inhibit protein synthesis. (B), They are time-dependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is clindamycin specifically licensed to treat in cats and dogs?

<p>Infected wounds and abscesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of action do fluoroquinolones have on bacteria?

<p>Inhibit DNA synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of amphenicols when used in large animals?

<p>Transient reduction in food intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding macrolides?

<p>Erythromycin is a type of macrolide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is listed as being used mainly for topical treatment of eye infections?

<p>Chloramphenicol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which of the following infections is florfenicol licensed to treat in cattle?

<p>Respiratory tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is considered for the treatment of last resort?

<p>Fluoroquinolones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria do β-lactam antibiotics affect most effectively?

<p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do bacteria use to resist β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Bacterial β-lactamases that break down the β-lactam ring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of antibiotics includes amoxicillin and ampicillin?

<p>Penicillins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination is an example of a penicillin combined with a β-lactamase inhibitor?

<p>Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>They are bactericidal, leading to cell wall lysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Ability to inhibit protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Empirical Prescribing

Prescribing a medicine based on clinical judgment and the best available information without waiting for test results.

Does the patient need an antimicrobial?

Determining if the patient truly benefits from an antimicrobial, considering potential risks and benefits.

Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern when prescribing. Consider the potential impact on the patient and the wider environment.

Narrow Spectrum Antibacterial

Choosing the narrowest spectrum antibacterial that is likely to effectively treat the infection.

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Factors to Consider when Prescribing

Taking into account factors like the patient's species, how the medicine is given, and how long to wait before consuming products from the animal.

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Antibiotics in Category D

Antibiotics classified under Category D are considered harmful to the fetus, posing a high risk of birth defects. They should only be used in pregnancy when the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the developing baby.

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When to Use Category D Antibiotics in Pregnancy

Antibiotics in Category D are not recommended during pregnancy. They should only be considered as a last resort when no other safe options are available.

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3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporins, Polymyxins, Quinolones

A group of antibiotics often used to treat bacterial infections, but they can have serious side effects, especially for pregnant women and babies.

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Clinically Significant Pathogenic Bacteria

Bacteria causing significant disease in humans and animals.

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Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterials

Antibacterial drugs work by exploiting the differences in cellular structures and processes between bacteria and human cells.

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Tetracycline Antibiotics

A type of antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, halting their growth. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, mycoplasma, and protozoa.

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Time-Dependent Action

Tetracyclines are known to be time-dependent, meaning their effectiveness relies on the concentration of the drug maintained in the body over a specific period.

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Tetracycline Side Effects

Tetracycline antibiotics are generally well-tolerated by animals. However, there are some important considerations like potential esophageal erosion and interference with gut flora.

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Calcium Binding

Tetracycline antibiotics can bind to calcium, leading to potential issues in young animals. Use caution when prescribing them to growing animals.

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Tetracycline Resistance

Tetracycline antibiotics are a valuable treatment option for various bacterial infections. However, widespread resistance has emerged, limiting their effectiveness in certain cases.

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β-lactam antibiotics

A class of antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation, a process involved in cross-linking peptidoglycan chains.

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Penicillins

A group of β-lactam antibiotics that are most effective against Gram-positive bacteria. Often used for respiratory infections, skin infections, and other common bacterial infections.

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Cephalosporins

A group of β-lactam antibiotics that are more broad-spectrum than penicillins and can treat a wider range of bacterial infections, including some that are resistant to penicillins.

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Anti-staphylococcal penicillins

A type of penicillin that is specifically effective against Staphylococcus bacteria, which can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and other infections.

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Aminopenicillins in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors

A type of penicillin that is combined with a β-lactamase inhibitor to enhance its effectiveness against bacteria that produce β-lactamases, enzymes that can break down penicillin.

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Natural penicillins

Penicillins that are commonly used to treat urinary tract infections and other infections.

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Aminopenicillins

A type of penicillin that is often used to treat respiratory infections, skin infections, and other common bacterial infections.

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Penicillins

Penicillins that are chemically modified from natural penicillins. These modified penicillins have a broader range of activity against bacteria and are less likely to be destroyed by β-lactamases.

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Aminoglycosides

A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, primarily effective against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. They are known for their concentration-dependent killing action and potential side effects like kidney and ear damage.

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Gentamicin

A specific type of aminoglycoside that can be used in combination with other medications to treat ear infections (otitis externa).

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Macrolides & Lincosamides

A class of antibiotics that also inhibit protein synthesis. They are known for their broader spectrum of activity, including some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Time-dependent Antibiotics

Antibiotics that suppress bacterial growth (static) but some newer generations can kill bacteria (cidal). They are given in doses that maintain therapeutic levels over time.

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Concentration-dependent Antibiotics

Antibiotics that work best when they reach high concentrations in the blood to quickly eliminate bacteria.

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Macrolides and Lincosamides

A group of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis, primarily used in animals for treating infections caused by bacteria like Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida.

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Amphenicols

A type of antibiotic known for its broad spectrum activity, capable of targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycoplasmas.

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Florfenicol

One of the key classes of amphenicols, primarily used in large animals for treating respiratory infections caused by specific bacteria.

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Fluoroquinolones

A class of antibiotics that inhibit DNA synthesis, known for their bactericidal action and effectiveness against various bacteria.

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Fluoroquinolones: Treatment of Last Resort

Fluoroquinolones are often considered a last resort option, used when other antibiotics have failed or are inappropriate.

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Amphenicols: Transient Reduction in Food Intake (LA)

A common adverse effect of amphenicols in large animals, typically leading to a decrease in food consumption.

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Clindamycin: Uses in Small Animals

A specific example of a lincosamide antibiotic used for treating infected wounds, abscesses, and oral infections in cats and dogs.

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Macrolide Examples

Examples of macrolide antibiotics commonly used in animals, including erythromycin, tylosin, and tilmicosin.

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Study Notes

Antimicrobials

  • Antimicrobials are used in veterinary medicine to treat infections
  • Different classes of antimicrobials target specific mechanisms of bacterial function
  • Some antimicrobials include:
    • Penicillins
    • Cephalosporins
    • Tetracyclines
    • Aminoglycosides
    • Sulfonamides
    • Metronidazole
    • Fluoroquinolones
    • Macrolides/Lincosamides

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Some antimicrobials disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems target bacterial cell walls
  • These drugs prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a key component of the cell wall
  • This leads to cell lysis causing a loss of integrity in the bacterial cells

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Some antimicrobials specifically target bacterial protein synthesis
  • Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolides interfere protein synthesis
  • This inhibits bacterial growth and reproduction

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Some antimicrobials inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria
  • Sulfonamides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole target bacterial nucleic acid synthesis
  • These drugs prevent bacteria from replicating by interfering with the production of nucleic acids

Empirical Prescribing

  • Empirical prescribing involves prescribing medication based on clinical judgement and available data, even without definitive diagnosis results
  • The process involves:
    • Assessing the patient
    • Identifying likely causative organisms
    • Evaluating antimicrobial resistance risk
    • Choosing the narrowest spectrum
    • Considering benefits and harms for the patient
    • Presenting options to the client

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

  • Bacteria classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall structure
    • Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
    • Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and are surrounded by an outer membrane
  • These structural differences influence how antimicrobials interact and impact bacterial function
  • Gram-positive bacteria include:
    • Bacillus
    • Clostridium
    • Corynebacterium
    • Mycobacterium
    • Staphylococcus
    • Streptococcus
  • Gram-negative bacteria include:
    • Bordetella
    • Brucella
    • Campylobacter
    • Escherichia
    • Hemaophilus
    • Helicobacter
    • Klebsiella
    • Legionella
    • Neisseria
    • Pseudomonas
    • Salmonella
    • Shigella
    • Treponema
    • Vibrio

Anti-Microbial Classes

  • Antimicrobials are categorized into 4 classes
    • Category A (Avoid)
    • Category B (Restrict)
    • Category C (Caution)
    • Category D (Prudence)

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe the pharmacology and therapeutic characteristics of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine
  • Provide examples of commonly used antimicrobials for each class
  • Demonstrate a rational method of selecting appropriate antimicrobials based on clinical judgement for empirical prescribing.

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Antimicrobials 2 Veterinary Pharmacology And Therapeutics PDF

Description

Explore the different classes of antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine to combat bacterial infections. This quiz covers mechanisms like cell wall synthesis inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors. Test your knowledge on specific drugs such as penicillins and tetracyclines!

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